Articles | Volume 9, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-297-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-297-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 Feb 2024
Research article |
| 05 Feb 2024
| 05 Feb 2024
TOSCA – an open-source, finite-volume, large-eddy simulation (LES) environment for wind farm flows
School of Engineering, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
Arjun Ajay
School of Engineering, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
Dries Allaerts
Aerospace Engineering, TU Delft, Delft, the Netherlands
Joshua Brinkerhoff
School of Engineering, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
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- Surface temperature heterogeneity and secondary circulations in steady stably stratified Ekman layers T. Bon et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2026.11198
- A meso–micro atmospheric perturbation model for wind farm blockage K. Devesse et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2024.868
- AMR‐Wind: A Performance‐Portable, High‐Fidelity Flow Solver for Wind Farm Simulations M. Kuhn et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.70010
- An actuatable porous disk for miniature active cluster wake control windtunnel experiments S. Umans et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032026
- Dynamic response of a shallow conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layer to active cluster wake control J. Gutknecht et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032123
- Wake modeling and simulation of a real scale wind turbine using large eddy simulation and dynamic adaptive mesh refinement L. STIVAL et al. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202520240875
- A large-eddy simulation (LES) model for wind-farm-induced atmospheric gravity wave effects inside conventionally neutral boundary layers S. Stipa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1647-2024
- Mixed subgrid-scale models in generalized curvilinear coordinates for large-eddy simulations of heterogeneous turbulent flows A. Ajay et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2025.114554
- The multi-scale coupled model: a new framework capturing wind farm–atmosphere interaction and global blockage effects S. Stipa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1123-2024
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- Large-Eddy Simulation of an Extended Wind Farm Using PALM Model System: Wake Dynamics and Power Output M. Salim et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102391
- The impact of the turbine model on gravity wave simulations T. Rafferty & C. Vogel https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032077
- An open-source finite-volume LES code for indoor ventilation and aerosol transport simulations C. Darren Christianson et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2026.107049
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- Data assimilation of generic boundary layer flows for wind turbine applications – an LES study L. Wrba et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-2217-2025
- On Wind Directions Estimated by Nacelle Lidar Under Different Reconstruction Methods F. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.70098
- Dependence of wind-farm-induced gravity waves and wind farm performance on non-dimensional atmospheric parameters and simulation configuration M. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1631-2026
- Development of Profile Assimilation Methods for Data-Driven Large Eddy Simulations A. Ajay et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-026-00967-8
- Sensitivity analysis of computational domain height for semi-infinite and finite-sized wind farms W. Chanprasert et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012052
- Dries Allaerts, 1989–2024 M. Bastankhah et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2171-2024
- To what extent does RANS modeling impact the simulation of large-scale wind farms? A numerical assessment L. Pagamonci et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032056
- Investigating the relationship between simulation parameters and flow variables in simulating atmospheric gravity waves for wind energy applications M. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1167-2025
- Simulation of a conventionally neutral boundary layer with two-equation URANS M. Baungaard et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/5/052013
- Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Stable Boundary Layer over Heterogeneous Surfaces: An Idealized Large-Eddy Simulation Study S. Zhang & J. Meyers https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-026-00981-w
25 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The actuator farm model for large eddy simulation (LES) of wind-farm-induced atmospheric gravity waves and farm–farm interaction S. Stipa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2301-2024
- Surface temperature heterogeneity and secondary circulations in steady stably stratified Ekman layers T. Bon et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2026.11198
- A meso–micro atmospheric perturbation model for wind farm blockage K. Devesse et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2024.868
- AMR‐Wind: A Performance‐Portable, High‐Fidelity Flow Solver for Wind Farm Simulations M. Kuhn et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.70010
- An actuatable porous disk for miniature active cluster wake control windtunnel experiments S. Umans et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032026
- Dynamic response of a shallow conventionally neutral atmospheric boundary layer to active cluster wake control J. Gutknecht et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032123
- Wake modeling and simulation of a real scale wind turbine using large eddy simulation and dynamic adaptive mesh refinement L. STIVAL et al. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202520240875
- A large-eddy simulation (LES) model for wind-farm-induced atmospheric gravity wave effects inside conventionally neutral boundary layers S. Stipa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1647-2024
- Mixed subgrid-scale models in generalized curvilinear coordinates for large-eddy simulations of heterogeneous turbulent flows A. Ajay et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2025.114554
- The multi-scale coupled model: a new framework capturing wind farm–atmosphere interaction and global blockage effects S. Stipa et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1123-2024
- A New Actuator Line/Disk Framework for the Large Eddy Simulation of Wind Turbines E. Muller et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032132
- Large-Eddy Simulation of an Extended Wind Farm Using PALM Model System: Wake Dynamics and Power Output M. Salim et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102391
- The impact of the turbine model on gravity wave simulations T. Rafferty & C. Vogel https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032077
- An open-source finite-volume LES code for indoor ventilation and aerosol transport simulations C. Darren Christianson et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2026.107049
- The performance of neighboring wind farms for varying inter-farm distances and atmospheric stratification M. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032109
- Data assimilation of generic boundary layer flows for wind turbine applications – an LES study L. Wrba et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-2217-2025
- On Wind Directions Estimated by Nacelle Lidar Under Different Reconstruction Methods F. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.70098
- Dependence of wind-farm-induced gravity waves and wind farm performance on non-dimensional atmospheric parameters and simulation configuration M. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1631-2026
- Development of Profile Assimilation Methods for Data-Driven Large Eddy Simulations A. Ajay et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-026-00967-8
- Sensitivity analysis of computational domain height for semi-infinite and finite-sized wind farms W. Chanprasert et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012052
- Dries Allaerts, 1989–2024 M. Bastankhah et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2171-2024
- To what extent does RANS modeling impact the simulation of large-scale wind farms? A numerical assessment L. Pagamonci et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032056
- Investigating the relationship between simulation parameters and flow variables in simulating atmospheric gravity waves for wind energy applications M. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1167-2025
- Simulation of a conventionally neutral boundary layer with two-equation URANS M. Baungaard et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/5/052013
- Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Stable Boundary Layer over Heterogeneous Surfaces: An Idealized Large-Eddy Simulation Study S. Zhang & J. Meyers https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-026-00981-w
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Short summary
In the current study, we introduce TOSCA (Toolbox fOr Stratified Convective Atmospheres), an open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool, and demonstrate its capabilities by simulating the flow around a large wind farm, operating in realistic flow conditions. This is one of the grand challenges of the present decade and can yield better insight into physical phenomena that strongly affect wind farm operation but which are not yet fully understood.
In the current study, we introduce TOSCA (Toolbox fOr Stratified Convective Atmospheres), an...
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