Wind Energy Science
Wind Energy Science
WES
Articles | Volume 11, issue 7
Articles | Volume 11, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2647-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2647-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 11, issue 7
Research article
 | 
24 Jul 2026
Research article |  | 24 Jul 2026

A consistent computational fluid dynamics surrogate model for wind turbine interaction including atmospheric stability

Maarten Paul van der Laan, Alexander Meyer Forsting, and Pierre-Elouan Réthoré

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Latest update: 16 Oct 2026
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Short summary
Wind turbine interaction can lead to energy losses. This article introduces a fast open-source wind turbine interaction model that can be used to design energy-efficient wind farms, including effects of atmospheric turbulence and temperature. The model can inherit the accuracy of a higher-fidelity model while being about 5 orders of magnitude faster. However, the model is an order of magnitude slower than analytic wind turbine interaction models, and more research is needed to reduce it.
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