Wind Energy Science
Wind Energy Science
WES
Articles | Volume 11, issue 7
Articles | Volume 11, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2669-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2669-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 11, issue 7
Research article
 | 
27 Jul 2026
Research article |  | 27 Jul 2026

Large-eddy simulation of airborne wind energy systems flying in turbulent wind using model predictive control

Jean-Baptiste Crismer, Thomas Haas, Matthieu Duponcheel, and Grégoire Winckelmans

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Cited articles

Andersson, J. A. E., Gillis, J., Horn, G., Rawlings, J. B., and Diehl, M.: CasADi – a software framework for nonlinear optimization and optimal control, Mathematical Programming Computation, 11, 1–36, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12532-018-0139-4, 2019. a
AWEbox: Modelling and optimal control of single- and multiple-kite systems for airborne wind energy, GitHub [code], https://github.com/awebox (last access: 6 July 2026), 2025. a
Caprace, D.-G., Winckelmans, G., and Chatelain, P.: An immersed lifting and dragging line model for the vortex particle-mesh method, Theor. Comp. Fluid Dyn., 34, 21–48, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00162-019-00510-1, 2020. a
Cocle, R., Bricteux, L., and Winckelmans, G.: Scale dependence and asymptotic very high Reynolds number spectral behavior of multiscale subgrid models, Phys. Fluids, 21, 085101, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3194302, 2009. a
Coquelet, M., Moens, M., Bricteux, L., Crismer, J.-B., and Chatelain, P.: Performance assessment of wake mitigation strategies, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2265, 032078, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/3/032078, 2022. a
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Wind energy is key to the energy transition. Airborne wind energy (AWE) is a technology based on kites. It has many advantages. However, their operation in gusts or in farm configurations remains unexplored. This work proposes a tool for studying AWE systems in such conditions. It is used to investigate a two-kite array. It is found that the second kite can avoid the wake of the first kite and stay unperturbed, while in other situations it produces 6 % less energy.
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