Articles | Volume 11, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-3671-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-3671-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Sep 2026
Research article |
| 23 Sep 2026
| 23 Sep 2026
Wind tunnel study of yawed porous discs subjected to veered inflow
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Haoyuan Sun
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Andrea Sciacchitano
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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YuanTso Li, Andrea Sciacchitano, and Wei Yu
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2026-116, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2026-116, 2026
Preprint under review for WES
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We investigate the regenerative wind farming (RGWF) concept under realistic atmospheric conditions using large-eddy simulations. The effects of convective, neutral, and stable atmospheric boundary layers on the wake of a multi-rotor system with lifting devices (MRSL, the unit of RGWF) are examined. The results show that RGWF concept remains effective across all stability regimes, demonstrating its robustness and providing guidance for its future design and deployment.
Bogdan Pamfil, Henrik Bredmose, Taeseong Kim, and Wei Yu
Wind Energ. Sci., 11, 2191–2227, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2191-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2191-2026, 2026
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We introduce fast response methods to predict how floating wind turbines behave in early design stages. By transforming the equations of motion into a form that is easier to compute, our approach avoids longer simulations while preserving accuracy. We developed both single and double perturbation methods, which run far faster than standard models with errors under 3.5 %. The single perturbation method at second order offers the strongest balance of speed and accuracy.
Abhratej Sahoo, Wei Yu, and Daniele Ragni
Wind Energ. Sci., 11, 1971–1988, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1971-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-1971-2026, 2026
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Vortex generators (VGs) are being used to prevent flow separation and stall on wind turbine blades. Optimal VG designs are chosen from steady investigations, assuming similar separation control characteristics between steady and unsteady conditions. Surface pressure measurements on a thick pitching airfoil with VGs show that VGs larger than the optimal steady size and rectangular VGs instead of the common triangular VGs must be used to consistently prevent unsteady flow separation and dynamic stall.
Marinos Manolesos, Sandrine Aubrun, Christian Bak, Paolo Bettini, Filippo Campagnolo, Alessandro Croce, Arslan Salim Dar, Michael Hölling, Stefan Ivanell, Konstantinos Kellaris, Miguel Alfonso Mendez, Pierluigi Montinari, Franz Mühle, George Papadakis, Fernardo Porté-Agel, Daniele Ragni, Sebastiano Randino, Andrea Sciacchitano, Lorenzo Schena, Gerard Schepers, Antonio Segalini, Wei Yu, and Carlo Luigi Bottasso
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2026-51, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2026-51, 2026
Manuscript not accepted for further review
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As wind turbines grow to unprecedented sizes, ensuring their reliability requires advanced testing. We reviewed the current state of wind tunnel experiments, examining how scaled physical models are evaluated for wind flow, flexibility, and noise. We conclude that while laboratory testing remains essential, it is most powerful when integrated with computer simulations and real-world data. This combined approach will ultimately drive the design of more efficient and sustainable wind energy.
Abhratej Sahoo, Akshay Koodly Ravishankara, Wei Yu, Daniele Ragni, and Carlos Simao Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 11, 127–154, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-127-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-127-2026, 2026
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A new model incorporates vortex generator (VG) effects into fast aerodynamic tools like XFOIL and RFOIL. It modifies boundary layer equations and uses empirical functions scaled with VG geometry and Reynolds numbers to implement the modified integral boundary layer equations in RFOIL. The model improves accuracy across airfoils and predicts separation delay, stall delay, lift increase, and added drag, enabling VG effects to be included in wind turbine blade design.
YuanTso Li, Marnix Fijen, Brian Dsouza, Wei Yu, Andrea Sciacchitano, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 3091–3124, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-3091-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-3091-2025, 2025
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We tested an innovative wind farm concept using novelly engineered wind turbine systems that can guide airflow more efficiently within the farm. Our experiments showed that wind farms deploying this concept can harvest more than twice the wind power per unit area compared to their traditional counterparts. Furthermore, these findings support earlier simulations and point to a more efficient space-saving future for wind energy.
David Bensason, Andrea Sciacchitano, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 2137–2159, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-2137-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-2137-2025, 2025
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This study is an experimental exploration of the wake of the novel X-Rotor vertical-axis wind turbine. Passive blade pitch is used to favorably modify the wake topology and subsequent energy replenishment process. The results demonstrate significant increases in available power for downstream rotors and the underlying mechanisms, highlighting the potential of vertical-axis wind turbines and passive blade pitch control for high-energy-density wind farm applications.
Pin Chun Yen, YuanTso Li, Fulvio Scarano, and Wei Yu
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 1775–1805, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1775-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1775-2025, 2025
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This study explores how changing wind turbine blade length affects the aerodynamics behind the turbine. Using high-fidelity simulations, we found that varying blade lengths accelerates the leapfrogging event but does not improve wake recovery directly. In contrast, turbulence plays a bigger role, as the wake breakdown process is more influenced by it over the studied rotor asymmetries. These findings provide insights for designing more efficient wind turbine rotors.
David Bensason, Jayant Mulay, Andrea Sciacchitano, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 1499–1528, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1499-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1499-2025, 2025
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The wake of a scaled vertical-axis wind turbine farm was measured, resulting in the first experimental database of 3D-resolved flow-field measurements. In addition to the baseline operating conditions, two modes of wake control were tested, which involve the passive adjustment of the rotor blade pitch. The results highlight the impacts of these mode adjustments on the trailing vorticity system, wake topology, and affinity towards increasing the rate of wake recovery throughout the farm.
YuanTso Li, Wei Yu, Andrea Sciacchitano, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 631–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-631-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-631-2025, 2025
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A novel wind farm concept, called a regenerative wind farm, is investigated numerically. This concept tackles the significant wake interaction losses among traditional wind farms. Our results show that regenerative wind farms can greatly reduce these losses, boosting power output per unit surface. Unlike traditional farms with three-bladed wind turbines, regenerative farms use multi-rotor systems with lifting devices (MRSLs). This unconventional design effectively reduces wake losses.
Nirav Dangi, Koen Boorsma, Edwin Bot, Wim Bierbooms, and Wei Yu
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-90, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-90, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
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The wind turbine wake is a downstream region of velocity deficit, resulting in a power loss for downstream wind turbines. A turbulator is proposed to minimize this velocity deficit. In this work, a very successful field test campaign was executed which demonstrated the use of segmented Gurney Flaps as a promising add-on to promote enhanced wind turbine wake recovery for improved overall wind farm farm performance.
Carlos Ferreira, Wei Yu, Arianna Sala, and Axelle Viré
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 469–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-469-2022, 2022
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Floating offshore wind turbines may experience large surge motions that, when faster than the local wind speed, cause rotor–wake interaction.
We derive a model which is able to predict the wind speed at the wind turbine, even for large and fast motions and load variations in the wind turbine.
The proposed dynamic inflow model includes an adaptation for highly loaded flow, and it is accurate and simple enough to be easily implemented in most blade element momentum design models.
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Short summary
We experimentally investigated how changes in wind direction with height, known as wind veer, affect the wakes of wind turbines. The results demonstrate that wind veer leads to faster wake recovery and higher available power for downwind turbines. The impact of wind veer on yawed turbines is also studied, and it was observed that under strong veer conditions, yawing does not provide a significantly larger benefit for the available power of downwind turbines.
We experimentally investigated how changes in wind direction with height, known as wind veer,...
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