The paper applies portfolio selection methodology to the problem of allocating offshore wind farm resources to various potential wind farm regions in Norway. The allocation aims to achieve high and stable wind power production under various constraints. Spreading the wind farms geographically has a large impact on the stability of the portfolio in terms of variance, and the results are consistent for the two sets of candidate regions studied. Sequential selection gives a good solution.

This paper reviews the technical behaviour defined for a specific control method, grid-forming control, used in inverter-integrated power generation sources such as wind power plants, solar power plants, and battery energy storage systems. Considering the growing trend of offshore wind power plants, the paper adapts the behaviours into offshore wind power applications; re-classifies them into mandatory, optional, and advanced categories; and provides testing methods to assess these behaviours.

The rising share of wind power poses challenges to cost-effective integration while ensuring reliability. Balancing the needs of the power system and contributions of wind power is crucial for long-term value. Research should prioritize wind power advantages over competitors, focussing on internal challenges. Collaboration with other technologies is essential for addressing the fundamental objectives of power systems – maintaining reliable supply–demand balance at the lowest cost.

Both fuel cells and combustion engines can be used to supply hydrogen-producing offshore wind turbines with electrical energy in the event of a wind outage. A simulative comparison in combination with a qualitative assessment considering the maritime boundary conditions showed that the combination of an internal combustion engine and a battery storage system is the most suitable for this purpose. This system provides high energy efficiency with the necessary robustness on the high seas.

We used desktop studies, geographic information system mapping, modeling and environmental impact assessment techniques to identify optimal offshore wind cable routes for a proposed offshore wind energy area off the coast of North Carolina by navigating around sensitive or hazardous seabed areas.  Similar methods can be adopted by other offshore industries during early planning phases to improve consenting; reduce costs; and, importantly, minimize impacts on marine environments.