Articles | Volume 10, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1661-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1661-2025
Research article
 | 
18 Aug 2025
Research article |  | 18 Aug 2025

Offshore wind farm layout optimization accounting for participation in secondary reserve markets

Thuy-Hai Nguyen, Julian Quick, Pierre-Elouan Réthoré, Jean-François Toubeau, Emmanuel De Jaeger, and François Vallée

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Cited articles

Brijs, T., De Vos, K., De Jonghe, C., and Belmans, R.: Statistical analysis of negative prices in European balancing markets, Renew. Energ., 80, 53–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.01.059, 2015. a
Cañas-Carretón, M. and Carrión, M.: Generation capacity expansion considering reserve provision by wind power units, IEEE T. Power Syst., 35, 4564–4573, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2020.2994173, 2020. a
Chitsazan, M. A., Fadali, M. S., and Trzynadlowski, A. M.: Wind speed and wind direction forecasting using echo state network with nonlinear functions, Renew. Energ., 131, 879–889, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.060, 2019. a
ECMWF: Intercomparison of operational wave forecasting systems against in-situ observations: data from BoM, DMI, DWD, ECCC, ECMWF, JMA, LOPS, METEOAM, METFR, METNO, NCEP, PRTOS, SHNSM, UKMO, Tech. rep., WMO Lead Centre for Wave Forecast Verification LC-WFV and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ECMWF, http://confluence.ecmwf.int/download/attachments/116958928/LCWFV_10ff_report_00_DJF2024.pdf (last access: August 2025), 2024. a
Elia: Terms and Conditions for balancing service providers for automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve (aFRR), Tech. rep., Elia, https://www.elia.be/en/electricity-market-and-system/system-services/keeping-the-balance/afrr (last access: August 2025), 2022. a
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Short summary
Current offshore wind farms have been designed to maximize their production of electricity at all times and not to keep a reserve of power in case of unexpected events on the grid. We present a new formulation for designing wind farms to maximize revenues from both energy and reserve markets. We apply it to a real-life wind farm and show that profits are expected to increase in a significant way for wind farms designed and operated for reserve, with less energy supplied.
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