Articles | Volume 11, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-127-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-127-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Jan 2026
Research article |
| 15 Jan 2026
| 15 Jan 2026
Modelling vortex generator effects on turbulent boundary layers with integral boundary layer equations
Wind Energy, Unit Energy and Materials Transition, TNO, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, the Netherlands
Wind Energy, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
Akshay Koodly Ravishankara
Wind Energy, Unit Energy and Materials Transition, TNO, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, the Netherlands
Wind Energy, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
Daniele Ragni
Wind Energy, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
Carlos Simao Ferreira
Wind Energy, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
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Short summary
A new model incorporates vortex generator (VG) effects into fast aerodynamic tools like XFOIL and RFOIL. It modifies boundary layer equations and uses empirical functions scaled with VG geometry and Reynolds numbers to implement the modified integral boundary layer equations in RFOIL. The model improves accuracy across airfoils and predicts separation delay, stall delay, lift increase, and added drag, enabling VG effects to be included in wind turbine blade design.
A new model incorporates vortex generator (VG) effects into fast aerodynamic tools like XFOIL...
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