To guide realistic atmospheric gravity wave simulations, we conduct an LES study of flow over a 2D hill and through a wind farm canopy, examining optimal domain size and Rayleigh damping layer setup. Wave properties based on a Froude number determine optimal domain and damping parameters. Reasonably accurate solutions require the domain length exceed the effective horizontal wavelength, height and damping thickness equal a vertical wavelength, and normalized-damping coefficient between 1–10.

Dries Allaerts was born on 19 May 1989 and passed away at his home in Wezemaal, Belgium, on 10 October 2024 after battling cancer. Dries started his wind energy career in 2012 and had a profound impact afterward on the community, in terms of both his scientific realizations and his many friendships and collaborations in the field. His scientific acumen, open spirit of collaboration, positive attitude towards life, and playful and often cheeky sense of humor will be deeply missed by many.

Our study explores how frontal low-level jets (FLLJs) impact wind power production by causing ramp-down events. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, we analyzed various modeling configurations and found that initial and boundary conditions, domain configuration, and wind farm parameterization significantly influence simulations. Our findings show such extreme events can be forecasted one day in advance, helping manage wind power more efficiently for a stable, reliable energy supply.

This research presents a multi-objective optimisation approach to balance vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) performance and noise, comparing the combined wind speed estimator and tip-speed ratio (WSE–TSR) tracking controller with a baseline. Psychoacoustic annoyance is used as a novel metric for human perception of wind turbine noise. Results showcase the WSE–TSR tracking controller’s potential in trading off the considered objectives, thereby fostering the deployment of VAWTs in urban areas.

This research presents the additional benefits of applying an advanced combined wind speed estimator and tip-speed ratio tracking (WSE–TSR) controller compared to the baseline Kω². Using a frequency-domain framework and an optimal calibration procedure, the WSE–TSR tracking control scheme shows a more flexible trade-off between conflicting objectives: power maximisation and load minimisation. Therefore, implementing this controller on large-scale wind turbines will facilitate their operation.