Articles | Volume 7, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1941-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1941-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Multifidelity multiobjective optimization for wake-steering strategies
Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
Ryan N. King
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
Garrett Barter
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
Peter E. Hamlington
Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Related authors
Andrew Clifton, Sarah Barber, Andrew Bray, Peter Enevoldsen, Jason Fields, Anna Maria Sempreviva, Lindy Williams, Julian Quick, Mike Purdue, Philip Totaro, and Yu Ding
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 947–974, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-947-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-947-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Wind energy creates huge amounts of data, which can be used to improve plant design, raise efficiency, reduce operating costs, and ease integration. These all contribute to cheaper and more predictable energy from wind. But realising the value of data requires a digital transformation that brings
grand challengesaround data, culture, and coopetition. This paper describes how the wind energy industry could work with R&D organisations, funding agencies, and others to overcome them.
Julian Quick, Jennifer King, Ryan N. King, Peter E. Hamlington, and Katherine Dykes
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 413–426, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-413-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the trade-offs in optimization of wake steering strategies, where upstream turbines are positioned to deflect wakes away from downstream turbines, with a probabilistic perspective. We identify inputs that are sensitive to uncertainty and demonstrate a realistic optimization under uncertainty for a wind power plant control strategy. Designing explicitly around uncertainty yielded control strategies that were generally less aggressive and more robust to the uncertain input.
Skyler Kern, Mary E. McGuinn, Katherine M. Smith, Nadia Pinardi, Kyle E. Niemeyer, Nicole S. Lovenduski, and Peter E. Hamlington
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 621–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Computational models are used to simulate the behavior of marine ecosystems. The models often have unknown parameters that need to be calibrated to accurately represent observational data. Here, we propose a novel approach to simultaneously determine a large set of parameters for a one-dimensional model of a marine ecosystem in the surface ocean at two contrasting sites. By utilizing global and local optimization techniques, we estimate many parameters in a computationally efficient manner.
Regis Thedin, Garrett Barter, Jason Jonkman, Rafael Mudafort, Christopher J. Bay, Kelsey Shaler, and Jasper Kreeft
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-6, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-6, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates asymmetries in terms of power performance and fatigue loading on a 5-turbine wind farm subject to wake steering strategies. Both the yaw misalignment angle and the wind direction were varied from negative to positive. We highlight conditions in which fatigue loading is lower while still maintenance good power gains and show that partial wake is the source of the asymmetries observed. We provide recommendations in terms of yaw misalignment angles for a given wind direction.
Andrew Clifton, Sarah Barber, Andrew Bray, Peter Enevoldsen, Jason Fields, Anna Maria Sempreviva, Lindy Williams, Julian Quick, Mike Purdue, Philip Totaro, and Yu Ding
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 947–974, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-947-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-947-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Wind energy creates huge amounts of data, which can be used to improve plant design, raise efficiency, reduce operating costs, and ease integration. These all contribute to cheaper and more predictable energy from wind. But realising the value of data requires a digital transformation that brings
grand challengesaround data, culture, and coopetition. This paper describes how the wind energy industry could work with R&D organisations, funding agencies, and others to overcome them.
Michael J. LoCascio, Christopher J. Bay, Majid Bastankhah, Garrett E. Barter, Paul A. Fleming, and Luis A. Martínez-Tossas
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1137–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1137-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work introduces the FLOW Estimation and Rose Superposition (FLOWERS) wind turbine wake model. This model analytically integrates the wake over wind directions to provide a time-averaged flow field. This new formulation is used to perform layout optimization. The FLOWERS model provides a smooth flow field over an entire wind plant at fraction of the computational cost of the standard numerical integration approach.
John Jasa, Pietro Bortolotti, Daniel Zalkind, and Garrett Barter
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 991–1006, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-991-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-991-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using highly accurate simulations within a design cycle is prohibitively computationally expensive. We implement and present a multifidelity optimization method and showcase its efficacy using three different case studies. We examine aerodynamic blade design, turbine controls tuning, and a wind plant layout problem. In each case, the multifidelity method finds an optimal design that performs better than those obtained using simplified models but at a lower cost than high-fidelity optimization.
Ethan Young, Jeffery Allen, John Jasa, Garrett Barter, and Ryan King
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-7, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-7, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present ways to measure the phenomenon of wind plant blockage, or the the velocity slowdown upstream from a farm, and carry out turbine layout optimizations to reduce this effect. We find that farm-wide measurements provide a better characterization of blockage compared to more localized measurements and that, in the absence of any constraint on total power output, layouts which minimize the effect of blockage are frequently characterized by streamwise alignment of turbines.
Jennifer King, Paul Fleming, Ryan King, Luis A. Martínez-Tossas, Christopher J. Bay, Rafael Mudafort, and Eric Simley
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 701–714, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-701-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-701-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper highlights the secondary effects of wake steering, including yaw-added wake recovery and secondary steering. These effects enhance the value of wake steering especially when applied to a large wind farm. This paper models these secondary effects using an analytical model proposed in the paper. The results of this model are compared with large-eddy simulations for several cases including 2-turbine, 3-turbine, 5-turbine, and 38-turbine cases.
Katherine M. Smith, Skyler Kern, Peter E. Hamlington, Marco Zavatarelli, Nadia Pinardi, Emily F. Klee, and Kyle E. Niemeyer
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2419–2442, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2419-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2419-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a newly developed reduced-order biogeochemical flux model that is complex and flexible enough to capture open-ocean ecosystem dynamics but reduced enough to incorporate into highly resolved numerical simulations with limited additional computational cost. The model provides improved correlations between model output and field data, indicating that significant improvements in the reproduction of real-world data can be achieved with a small number of variables.
Julian Quick, Jennifer King, Ryan N. King, Peter E. Hamlington, and Katherine Dykes
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 413–426, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-413-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the trade-offs in optimization of wake steering strategies, where upstream turbines are positioned to deflect wakes away from downstream turbines, with a probabilistic perspective. We identify inputs that are sensitive to uncertainty and demonstrate a realistic optimization under uncertainty for a wind power plant control strategy. Designing explicitly around uncertainty yielded control strategies that were generally less aggressive and more robust to the uncertain input.
Jan Häfele, Rick R. Damiani, Ryan N. King, Cristian G. Gebhardt, and Raimund Rolfes
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 553–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-553-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-553-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The present work provides a technical basis for the design of jacket structures used as substructures for offshore wind turbines. This involves models for the geometry, costs, and structural design code checks. An example application is shown in this paper, in which three different structural designs are compared. This work may lead to improved design approaches and finally to a cost reduction of offshore substructures.
Ryan N. King, Katherine Dykes, Peter Graf, and Peter E. Hamlington
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 115–131, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-115-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-115-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper demonstrates optimization of wind turbine locations within a utility-scale wind plant using a nonlinear flow model and gradient-based optimization techniques made possible through the use of adjoints. This represents a groundbreaking improvement in model fidelity and optimization efficiency for wind energy applications. The optimized wind farms demonstrate significant improvements in annual energy production with turbine layouts that take advantage of nonlinear flow curvature effects.
Related subject area
Thematic area: Dynamics and control | Topic: Wind farm control
On the importance of wind predictions in wake steering optimization
On the power and control of a misaligned rotor – beyond the cosine law
Evaluating the potential of wake steering co-design for wind farm layout optimization through a tailored genetic algorithm
Dynamic wind farm flow control using free-vortex wake models
The value of wake steering wind farm flow control in US energy markets
Load assessment of a wind farm considering negative and positive yaw misalignment for wake steering
Towards real-time optimal control of wind farms using large-eddy simulations
Sensitivity analysis of wake steering optimisation for wind farm power maximisation
The dynamic coupling between the pulse wake mixing strategy and floating wind turbines
Validation of an interpretable data-driven wake model using lidar measurements from a field wake steering experiment
Wind farm flow control: prospects and challenges
Large-eddy simulation of a wind-turbine array subjected to active yaw control
FarmConners market showcase results: wind farm flow control considering electricity prices
The revised FLORIDyn model: implementation of heterogeneous flow and the Gaussian wake
Evaluation of different power tracking operating strategies considering turbine loading and power dynamics
A physically interpretable data-driven surrogate model for wake steering
Experimental analysis of the effect of dynamic induction control on a wind turbine wake
Elie Kadoche, Pascal Bianchi, Florence Carton, Philippe Ciblat, and Damien Ernst
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1577–1594, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1577-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1577-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work proposes a new wind farm controller based on wind predictions and conducts a synthetic sensitivity analysis of wake steering and the variations of the wind direction. For wind turbines that can rotate from −15 to 15° every 10 min, if the wind direction changes by more than 7.34° every 10 min, it is important to consider future wind data in a steady-state yaw control optimization.
Simone Tamaro, Filippo Campagnolo, and Carlo L. Bottasso
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1547–1575, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1547-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1547-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a new simple model to predict power losses incurred by a wind turbine when it yaws out of the wind. The model reveals the effects of a number of rotor design parameters and how the turbine is governed when it yaws. The model exhibits an excellent agreement with large eddy simulations and wind tunnel measurements. We showcase the capabilities of the model by deriving the power-optimal yaw strategy for a single turbine and for a cluster of wake-interacting turbines.
Matteo Baricchio, Pieter M. O. Gebraad, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-50, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-50, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
Wake steering can be integrated within the wind farm layout optimization through a co-design approach. This study estimates the potential of this method for a wide range of realistic conditions, adopting a tailored genetic algorithm and novel geometric yaw relations. A gain in the annual energy yield between 0.3 % and 0.4 % is obtained for a 16-tubrines farm and a multi-objective implementation is used to limit the loss in case wake steering is not used during the farm operation.
Maarten J. van den Broek, Marcus Becker, Benjamin Sanderse, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 721–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-721-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-721-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wind turbine wakes negatively affect wind farm performance as they impinge on downstream rotors. Wake steering reduces these losses by redirecting wakes using yaw misalignment of the upstream rotor. We develop a novel control strategy based on model predictions to implement wake steering under time-varying conditions. The controller is tested in a high-fidelity simulation environment and improves wind farm power output compared to a state-of-the-art reference controller.
Eric Simley, Dev Millstein, Seongeun Jeong, and Paul Fleming
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 219–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wake steering is a wind farm control technology in which turbines are misaligned with the wind to deflect their wakes away from downstream turbines, increasing total power production. In this paper, we use a wind farm control model and historical electricity prices to assess the potential increase in market value from wake steering for 15 US wind plants. For most plants, we find that the relative increase in revenue from wake steering exceeds the relative increase in energy production.
Regis Thedin, Garrett Barter, Jason Jonkman, Rafael Mudafort, Christopher J. Bay, Kelsey Shaler, and Jasper Kreeft
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-6, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-6, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates asymmetries in terms of power performance and fatigue loading on a 5-turbine wind farm subject to wake steering strategies. Both the yaw misalignment angle and the wind direction were varied from negative to positive. We highlight conditions in which fatigue loading is lower while still maintenance good power gains and show that partial wake is the source of the asymmetries observed. We provide recommendations in terms of yaw misalignment angles for a given wind direction.
Nick Janssens and Johan Meyers
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 65–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-65-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-65-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Proper wind farm control may vastly contribute to Europe's plan to go carbon neutral. However, current strategies don't account for turbine–wake interactions affecting power extraction. High-fidelity models (e.g., LES) are needed to accurately model this but are considered too slow in practice. By coarsening the resolution, we were able to design an efficient LES-based controller with real-time potential. This may allow us to bridge the gap towards practical wind farm control in the near future.
Filippo Gori, Sylvain Laizet, and Andrew Wynn
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1425–1451, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Wake steering is a promising strategy to increase the power output of modern wind farms by mitigating the negative effects of aerodynamic interaction among turbines. As farm layouts grow in size to meet renewable targets, the complexity of wake steering optimisation increases too. With the objective of enabling robust and predictable wake steering solutions, this study investigates the sensitivity of wake steering optimisation for three different farm layouts with increasing complexity levels.
Daniel van den Berg, Delphine de Tavernier, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 849–864, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-849-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-849-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Wind turbines placed in farms interact with their wake, lowering the power production of the wind farm. This can be mitigated using so-called wake mixing techniques. This work investigates the coupling between the pulse wake mixing technique and the motion of floating wind turbines using the pulse. Frequency response experiments and time domain simulations show that extra movement is undesired and that the
optimalexcitation frequency is heavily platform dependent.
Balthazar Arnoldus Maria Sengers, Gerald Steinfeld, Paul Hulsman, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 747–770, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-747-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-747-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The optimal misalignment angles for wake steering are determined using wake models. Although mostly analytical, data-driven models have recently shown promising results. This study validates a previously proposed data-driven model with results from a field experiment using lidar measurements. In a comparison with a state-of-the-art analytical model, it shows systematically more accurate estimates of the available power. Also when using only commonly available input data, it gives good results.
Johan Meyers, Carlo Bottasso, Katherine Dykes, Paul Fleming, Pieter Gebraad, Gregor Giebel, Tuhfe Göçmen, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2271–2306, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2271-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2271-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art and the outstanding challenges in wind farm flow control, thus identifying the key research areas that could further enable commercial uptake and success. To this end, we have structured the discussion on challenges and opportunities into four main areas: (1) insight into control flow physics, (2) algorithms and AI, (3) validation and industry implementation, and (4) integrating control with system design
(co-design).
Mou Lin and Fernando Porté-Agel
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2215–2230, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2215-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2215-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Large-eddy simulation (LES) is a widely used method to study wind turbine flow. To save computational resources, the turbine-inducing forces in LES are often modelled by parametrisations. We validate three widely used turbine parametrisations in LES in different yaw and offset configurations with wind tunnel measurements, and we find that, in comparison with other parametrisations, the blade element actuator disk model strikes a good balance of accuracy and computational cost.
Konstanze Kölle, Tuhfe Göçmen, Irene Eguinoa, Leonardo Andrés Alcayaga Román, Maria Aparicio-Sanchez, Ju Feng, Johan Meyers, Vasilis Pettas, and Ishaan Sood
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2181–2200, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2181-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2181-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper studies wind farm flow control (WFFC) in simulations with variable electricity prices. The results indicate that considering the electricity price in the operational strategy can be beneficial with respect to the gained income compared to focusing on the power gain only. Moreover, revenue maximization by balancing power production and structural load reduction is demonstrated at the example of a single wind turbine.
Marcus Becker, Bastian Ritter, Bart Doekemeijer, Daan van der Hoek, Ulrich Konigorski, Dries Allaerts, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2163–2179, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2163-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present a revised dynamic control-oriented wind farm model. The model can simulate turbine wake behaviour in heterogeneous and changing wind conditions at a very low computational cost. It utilizes a three-dimensional turbine wake model which also allows capturing vertical wind speed differences. The model could be used to maximise the power generation of with farms, even during events like a wind direction change. It is publicly available and open for further development.
Florian Pöschke and Horst Schulte
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1593–1604, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1593-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1593-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper compares two different strategies for wind turbine control when following a power command. A model-based control scheme for a 5 MW wind turbine is designed, and a comparison in terms of the mechanical loading and the attainable power dynamics is drawn based on simulation studies. Reduced-order models suitable for integration into an upper-level control design are discussed. The dependence of the turbine behavior on the chosen strategy is illustrated and analyzed.
Balthazar Arnoldus Maria Sengers, Matthias Zech, Pim Jacobs, Gerald Steinfeld, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1455–1470, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1455-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1455-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wake steering aims to redirect the wake away from a downstream turbine. This study explores the potential of a data-driven surrogate model whose equations can be interpreted physically. It estimates wake characteristics from measurable input variables by utilizing a simple linear model. The model shows encouraging results in estimating available power in the far wake, with significant improvements over currently used analytical models in conditions where wake steering is deemed most effective.
Daan van der Hoek, Joeri Frederik, Ming Huang, Fulvio Scarano, Carlos Simao Ferreira, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1305–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1305-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a wind tunnel experiment where dynamic induction control was implemented on a small-scale turbine. By periodically changing the pitch angle of the blades, the low-velocity turbine wake is perturbed, and hence it recovers at a faster rate. Small particles were released in the flow and subsequently recorded with a set of high-speed cameras. This allowed us to reconstruct the flow behind the turbine and investigate the effect of dynamic induction control on the wake.
Cited articles
Allen, J., Young, E., Bortolotti, P., King, R., and Barter, G.: Blade planform design optimization to enhance turbine wake control, Wind Energy, 25, 811–830, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2699, 2022. a
Andersson, L. E. and Imsland, L.: Real-time optimization of wind farms using modifier adaptation and machine learning, Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 885–896, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-885-2020, 2020. a, b, c
Annoni, J., Fleming, P., Scholbrock, A., Roadman, J., Dana, S., Adcock, C., Porte-Agel, F., Raach, S., Haizmann, F., and Schlipf, D.: Analysis of control-oriented wake modeling tools using lidar field results, Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 819–831, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-819-2018, 2018. a
Ariyarit, A. and Kanazaki, M.: Multi-Fidelity Multi-Objective Efficient Global Optimization Applied to Airfoil Design Problems, Applied Sciences, 17, 1318, https://doi.org/10.3390/app7121318, 2017. a, b
Bortolotti, P., Tarrés, H. C., Dykes, K. L., Merz, K., Sethuraman, L., Verelst, D., and Zahle, F.: IEA Wind TCP Task 37: Systems Engineering in Wind Energy – WP2.1 Reference Wind Turbines, United States, https://doi.org//10.2172/1529216, 2019. a
Damiani, R., Dana, S., Annoni, J., Fleming, P., Roadman, J., van Dam, J., and Dykes, K.: Assessment of wind turbine component loads under yaw-offset conditions, Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 173–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-173-2018, 2018. a
Emmerich, M. T., Giannakoglou, K. C., and Naujoks, B.: Single-and multiobjective evolutionary optimization assisted by Gaussian random field metamodels, IEEE T. Evolut. Comput., 10, 421–439, 2006. a
Emmerich, M. T., Deutz, A. H., and Klinkenberg, J. W.: Hypervolume-based expected improvement: Monotonicity properties and exact computation, in: 2011 IEEE Congress of Evolutionary Computation (CEC), IEEE, 2147–2154, https://doi.org/10.1109/CEC.2011.5949880 2011. a
Ern, A. and Guermond, J.-L.: Theory and practice of finite elements, Springer, vol. 159, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4355-5, 2004. a
Fleming, P., Annoni, J., Churchfield, M., Martinez-Tossas, L. A., Gruchalla, K., Lawson, M., and Moriarty, P.: A simulation study demonstrating the importance of large-scale trailing vortices in wake steering, Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 243–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-243-2018, 2018. a
Frøseth, G. T. and Capponi, L.: fatpack, GitHub [code], https://github.com/Gunnstein/fatpack (last access: 19 Septemebr 2022), 2021. a
Ghoreishi, S. F. and Allaire, D. L.: A fusion-based multi-information source optimization approach using knowledge gradient policies, 2018 AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, 1159 pp., https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-1159, 2018. a
Ginsbourger, D., Le Riche, R., and Carraro, L.: Kriging is well-suited to parallelize optimization, in: Computational intelligence in expensive optimization problems, Springer, 131–162, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10701-6_6, 2010. a
Giselle Fernández-Godino, M., Park, C., Kim, N. H., and Haftka, R. T.:
Issues in deciding whether to use multifidelity surrogates, AIAA Journal, 57,
2039–2054, 2019. a
He, X., Tuo, R., and Wu, C. J.: Optimization of multi-fidelity computer experiments via the EQIE criterion, Technometrics, 59, 58–68, 2017. a
Hennig, P. and Schuler, C. J.: Entropy search for information-efficient global optimization, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 13, 1809–1837, 2012. a
Howland, M. F., Lele, S. K., and Dabiri, J. O.: Wind farm power optimization through wake steering, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 14495–14500, 2019. a
Huang, D., Allen, T. T., Notz, W. I., and Miller, R. A.: Sequential kriging optimization using multiple-fidelity evaluations, Struct. Multidiscip. O., 32, 369–382, 2006. a
Hulsman, P., Andersen, S. J., and Göçmen, T.: Optimizing wind farm control through wake steering using surrogate models based on high-fidelity simulations, Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 309–329, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-309-2020, 2020. a, b, c
Hupkens, I., Deutz, A., Yang, K., and Emmerich, M.: Faster exact algorithms for computing expected hypervolume improvement, in: international conference on evolutionary multi-criterion optimization, Springer, 65–79, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15892-1_5, 2015. a
International Electro-technical Commission: IEC 61400-13: Wind turbines-Part 13: Measurement of mechanical loads, International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), Geneva, 219 pp., 2015. a
Jones, D. R., Schonlau, M., and Welch, W. J.: Efficient global optimization of expensive black-box functions, J. Global Optim., 13, 455–492, 1998. a
Lin, M. and Porté-Agel, F.: Power Maximization and Fatigue-Load Mitigation in a Wind-turbine Array by Active Yaw Control: an LES Study, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1618, 042036, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1618/4/042036, 2020. a
López, B., Guggeri, A., Draper, M., and Campagnolo, F.: Wake steering strategies for combined power increase and fatigue damage mitigation: an LES study, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1618, 022067, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1618/2/022067, 2020. a
Martínez-Tossas, L. A. and Branlard, E.: The curled wake model: equivalence of shed vorticity models, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1452, 012069, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1452/1/012069, 2020. a
Martínez-Tossas, L. A., Annoni, J., Fleming, P. A., and Churchfield, M. J.: The aerodynamics of the curled wake: a simplified model in view of flow control, Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-127-2019, 2019. a
Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., Blondel, M., Prettenhofer, P., Weiss, R., Dubourg, V., Vanderplas, J., Passos, A., Cournapeau, D., Brucher, M., Perrot, M., and Duchesnay, E.: Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 12, 2825–2830, 2011. a, b, c
Picheny, V., Ginsbourger, D., Richet, Y., and Caplin, G.: Quantile-based optimization of noisy computer experiments with tunable precision, Technometrics, 55, 2–13, 2013. a
Qin, C., Klabjan, D., and Russo, D.: Improving the expected improvement algorithm, in: 31st Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2017), Long Beach, CA, USA, 4–9 December 2017, edited by: Guyon, I., Von Luxburg, U., Bengio, S., Wallach, H., Fergus, R., Vishwanathan, S., and Garnett, R., Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 5381–5391, ISBN: 9781510860964, 2017. a
Quick, J.: WES_MFMOFWSS, Version 1, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7097352, 2022. a
Quick, J., Annoni, J., King, R., Dykes, K., Fleming, P., and Ning, A.: Optimization under uncertainty for wake steering strategies, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 854, 012036, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/854/1/012036, 2017. a
Quick, J., King, J., King, R. N., Hamlington, P. E., and Dykes, K.: Wake steering optimization under uncertainty, Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 413–426, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-413-2020, 2020. a
Rajnarayan, D., Haas, A., and Kroo, I.: A multifidelity gradient-free optimization method and application to aerodynamic design, in: 12th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 10–12 September 2008, p. 6020, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-6020, 2008. a
Rasmussen, C. E. and Williams, C. K. I.: Gaussian processes for machine learning, Adaptive computation and machine learning, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-28650-9_4, 2006. a, b
Rinker, J. M., Soto Sagredo, E., and Bergami, L.: The Importance of Wake Meandering on Wind Turbine Fatigue Loads in Wake, Energies, 14, 7313, https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217313, 2021. a
Shahriari, B., Swersky, K., Wang, Z., Adams, R. P., and De Freitas, N.: Taking the human out of the loop: A review of Bayesian optimization, P. IEEE, 104, 148–175, 2015. a
Van Dijk, M. T., van Wingerden, J.-W., Ashuri, T., and Li, Y.: Wind farm multi-objective wake redirection for optimizing power production and loads, Energy, 121, 561–569, 2017. a
Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T. E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S. J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K. J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A. R. J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C. J., Polat, İ., Feng, Y., Moore, E. W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E. A., Harris, C. R., Archibald, A. M., Ribeiro, A. H., Pedregosa, F., van Mulbregt, P., and SciPy 1.0 Contributors: SciPy 1.0: Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python, Nat. Methods, 17, 261–272, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2, 2020. a, b
Voorneveld, M.: Characterization of pareto dominance, Oper. Res. Lett., 31, 7–11, 2003. a
Wang, C., Campagnolo, F., and Bottasso, C.: Does the use of load-reducing IPC on a wake-steering turbine affect wake behavior?, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1618, 022035, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1618/2/022035, 2020. a
Yang, K., Palar, P. S., Emmerich, M., Shimoyama, K., and Bäck, T.:
A Multi-Point Mechanism of Expected Hypervolume Improvement for Parallel Multi-Objective Bayesian Global Optimization, in: GECCO '19: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Prague, Czech Republic,
13–17 July 2019, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 656–663, https://doi.org/10.1145/3321707.3321784, 2019. a
Yin, X., Zhang, W., Jiang, Z., and Pan, L.: Data-driven multi-objective predictive control of offshore wind farm based on evolutionary optimization, Renew. Energ., 160, 974–986, 2020. a
Zalkind, D. S. and Pao, L. Y.: The fatigue loading effects of yaw control for wind plants, in: 2016 American Control Conference (ACC), IEEE, 537–542, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACC.2016.7524969, 2016. a
Zhan, D. and Xing, H.: Expected improvement for expensive optimization: a review, J. Global Optim., 78, 507–544, 2020. a
Short summary
Wake steering is an emerging wind power plant control strategy where upstream turbines are intentionally yawed out of alignment with the incoming wind, thereby steering wakes away from downstream turbines. Trade-offs between the gains in power production and fatigue loads induced by this control strategy are the subject of continuing investigation. In this study, we present an optimization approach for efficiently exploring the trade-offs between power and loading during wake steering.
Wake steering is an emerging wind power plant control strategy where upstream turbines are...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint