Articles | Volume 9, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2087-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2087-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
06 Nov 2024
Review article |
| 06 Nov 2024
| 06 Nov 2024
Grand challenges of wind energy science – meeting the needs and services of the power system
Mark O'Malley
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
Hannele Holttinen
Recognis Oy, 02200 Espoo, Finland
Nicolaos Cutululis
Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Til Kristian Vrana
SINTEF Energy Research, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
Jennifer King
Power Systems Engineering Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, United States
Vahan Gevorgian
Power Systems Engineering Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, United States
Xiongfei Wang
Department of Electrical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
Fatemeh Rajaei-Najafabadi
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
Andreas Hadjileonidas
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
Related authors
No articles found.
Carlo L. Bottasso, Sandrine Aubrun, Nicolaos A. Cutululis, Julia Gottschall, Athanasios Kolios, Jakob Mann, and Paul Veers
Wind Energ. Sci., 11, 347–348, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-347-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-347-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This editorial celebrates the 10th anniversary of Wind Energy Science, reflecting on a decade of rapid scientific progress and the journal’s role in advancing fundamental, interdisciplinary research. It highlights key developments in wind energy, the importance of open science and academia–industry collaboration, and emerging challenges such as data sharing and artificial intelligence. Above all, it honors the research community that has shaped the journal and looks ahead to the next decade.
Sulav Ghimire, Gabriel Miguel Gomes Guerreiro, Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni, Emerson David Guest, Kim Høj Jensen, Guangya Yang, and Xiongfei Wang
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reviews the technical behaviour defined for a specific control method, grid-forming control, used in inverter-integrated power generation sources such as wind power plants, solar power plants, and battery energy storage systems. Considering the growing trend of offshore wind power plants, the paper adapts the behaviours into offshore wind power applications; re-classifies them into mandatory, optional, and advanced categories; and provides testing methods to assess these behaviours.
Til Kristian Vrana and Harald G. Svendsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 919–932, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-919-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-919-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed new ways to plot comprehensive wind resource maps that show the revenue potential of different locations for future wind power developments. The relative capacity factor is introduced as an indicator showing the expected mean power output. The market value factor is introduced, which captures the expected mean market value relative to other wind parks. The Renewable Energy Complementarity (RECom) index combines the two into a single index, resulting in the RECom map.
Juan-Andrés Pérez-Rúa, Mathias Stolpe, and Nicolaos Antonio Cutululis
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1453–1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1453-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1453-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With the challenges of ensuring secure energy supplies and meeting climate targets, wind energy is on course to become the cornerstone of decarbonized energy systems. This work proposes a new method to optimize wind farms by means of smartly placing wind turbines within a given project area, leading to more green-energy generation. This method performs satisfactorily compared to state-of-the-art approaches in terms of the resultant annual energy production and other high-level metrics.
Christopher J. Bay, Paul Fleming, Bart Doekemeijer, Jennifer King, Matt Churchfield, and Rafael Mudafort
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 401–419, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-401-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-401-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces the cumulative-curl wake model that allows for the fast and accurate prediction of wind farm energy production wake interactions. The cumulative-curl model expands several existing wake models to make the simulation of farms more accurate and is implemented in a computationally efficient manner such that it can be used for wind farm layout design and controller development. The model is validated against high-fidelity simulations and data from physical wind farms.
Paul Veers, Katherine Dykes, Sukanta Basu, Alessandro Bianchini, Andrew Clifton, Peter Green, Hannele Holttinen, Lena Kitzing, Branko Kosovic, Julie K. Lundquist, Johan Meyers, Mark O'Malley, William J. Shaw, and Bethany Straw
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2491–2496, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wind energy will play a central role in the transition of our energy system to a carbon-free future. However, many underlying scientific issues remain to be resolved before wind can be deployed in the locations and applications needed for such large-scale ambitions. The Grand Challenges are the gaps in the science left behind during the rapid growth of wind energy. This article explains the breadth of the unfinished business and introduces 10 articles that detail the research needs.
Juan-Andrés Pérez-Rúa and Nicolaos Antonio Cutululis
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 925–942, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-925-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-925-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wind farms are becoming larger, and they are shaping up as one of the main drivers towards full green energy transition. Because of their massive proliferation, more and more attention is nowadays focused on optimal design of these power plants. We propose an optimization framework in order to contribute to further cost reductions, by simultaneously designing the wind turbines and cable layout. We show the capability of the framework to improve designs compared to the classic approach.
Charles Tripp, Darice Guittet, Jennifer King, and Aaron Barker
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 697–713, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hybrid solar and wind plant layout optimization is a difficult, complex problem. In this paper, we propose a parameterized approach to wind and solar hybrid power plant layout optimization that greatly reduces problem dimensionality while guaranteeing that the generated layouts have a desirable regular structure. We demonstrate that this layout method that generates high-performance, regular layouts which respect hard constraints (e.g., placement restrictions).
Andrew P. J. Stanley, Jennifer King, Christopher Bay, and Andrew Ning
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 433–454, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-433-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-433-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we present a computationally inexpensive model to calculate wind turbine blade fatigue caused by waking and partial waking. The model accounts for steady state on the blade, as well as wind turbulence. The model is fast enough to be used in wind farm layout optimization, which has not been possible with more expensive fatigue models in the past. The methods introduced in this paper will allow for farms with increased energy production that maintain turbine structural reliability.
Paul Fleming, Michael Sinner, Tom Young, Marine Lannic, Jennifer King, Eric Simley, and Bart Doekemeijer
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 1521–1531, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1521-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1521-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a new validation campaign of wake steering at a commercial wind farm. The campaign uses fixed yaw offset positions, rather than a table of optimal yaw offsets dependent on wind direction, to enable comparison with engineering models of wake steering. Additionally, by applying the same offset in beneficial and detrimental conditions, we are able to collect important data for assessing second-order wake model predictions.
Andrew P. J. Stanley, Owen Roberts, Jennifer King, and Christopher J. Bay
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 1143–1167, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1143-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1143-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wind farm layout optimization is an essential part of wind farm design. In this paper, we present different methods to determine the number of turbines in a wind farm, as well as their placement. Also in this paper we explore the effect that the objective function has on the wind farm design and found that wind farm layout is highly sensitive to the objective. The optimal number of turbines can vary greatly, from 15 to 54 for the cases in this paper, depending on the metric that is optimized.
Alayna Farrell, Jennifer King, Caroline Draxl, Rafael Mudafort, Nicholas Hamilton, Christopher J. Bay, Paul Fleming, and Eric Simley
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 737–758, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-737-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-737-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Most current wind turbine wake models struggle to accurately simulate spatially variant wind conditions at a low computational cost. In this paper, we present an adaptation of NREL's FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS) wake model, which calculates wake losses in a heterogeneous flow field using local weather measurement inputs. Two validation studies are presented where the adapted model consistently outperforms previous versions of FLORIS that simulated uniform flow only.
Jennifer King, Paul Fleming, Ryan King, Luis A. Martínez-Tossas, Christopher J. Bay, Rafael Mudafort, and Eric Simley
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 701–714, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-701-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-701-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper highlights the secondary effects of wake steering, including yaw-added wake recovery and secondary steering. These effects enhance the value of wake steering especially when applied to a large wind farm. This paper models these secondary effects using an analytical model proposed in the paper. The results of this model are compared with large-eddy simulations for several cases including 2-turbine, 3-turbine, 5-turbine, and 38-turbine cases.
Luis A. Martínez-Tossas, Jennifer King, Eliot Quon, Christopher J. Bay, Rafael Mudafort, Nicholas Hamilton, Michael F. Howland, and Paul A. Fleming
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 555–570, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-555-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-555-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper a three-dimensional steady-state solver for flow through a wind farm is developed and validated. The computational cost of the solver is on the order of seconds for large wind farms. The model is validated using high-fidelity simulations and SCADA.
Cited articles
Abdul Wahab, N. I. and Mohamed, A.: Area-based COI-referred rotor angle index for transient stability assessment and control of power systems, Absrt. Appl. Anal., 2012, 410461, https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/410461, 2012.
Achilles, S.: Black Start and System Restoration with Wind and Solar, ESIG – Energy Systems Integration Group, https://www.esig.energy/download/session-a-4-black-start-and-system-restoration-with-wind-and (last access: 11 October 2024), 2018.
Ackermann, T.: Wind power in power systems, 2, John Wiley & Sons, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119941842.ch4, 2012.
Ackermann, T., Prevost, T., Vittal, V., Roscoe, A. J., Matevosyan, J., and Miller, N.: Paving the way: A future without inertia is closer than you think, IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 15, 61–69, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2017.2729138, 2017.
Ahmed, S. D., Al-Ismail, F. S., Shafiullah, M., Al-Sulaiman, F. A., and El-Amin, I. M.: Grid integration challenges of wind energy: A review, IEEE Access, 8, 10857–10878, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2964896, 2020.
Altin, M., Hansen, A. D., Barlas, T. K., Das, K., and Sakamuri, J. N.: Optimization of short-term overproduction response of variable speed wind turbines, IEEE T. Sustain. Energ., 9, 1732–1739, https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2018.2810898, 2018.
Appleby, S. and Rositano, P.: Addressing the System Strength Gap in SA: Economic Evaluation Report, ElectraNet, https://www.aer.gov.au/system/files/ElectraNet-System Strength Economic Evaluation Report- (last access: 11 October 2024), 2019.
Avazov, A., Colas, F., Beerten, J., and Guillaud, X.: Application of input shaping method to vibrations damping in a Type-IV wind turbine interfaced with a grid-forming converter, Elect. Power Syst. Res., 210, 108083, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108083, 2022.
Badesa, L., Teng, F., and Strbac, G.: Conditions for regional frequency stability in power system scheduling – Part I: Theory, IEEE T. Power Syst., 36, 5558–5566, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2021.3073083, 2021.
Bechtle, P., Schelbergen, M., Schmehl, R., Zillmann, U., and Watson, S.: Airborne wind energy resource analysis, Renew. Energy, 141, 1103–1116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.03.118, 2019.
Bevrani, H. and Hiyama, T.: Intelligent Automatic Generation Control, CRC Press, ISBN 1439849544, 2011.
Bialek, J., Bowen, T., Green, T., Lew, D., Li, Y., MacDowell, J., Matevosyan, J., Miller, N., O'Malley, M., and Ramasubramanian, D.: System needs and services for systems with high IBR penetration, Global Power System Transformation Consortium, https://globalpst.org/wp-content/uploads/GPST-IBR-Research-Team-System-Services-and-Needs-for (last access: 11 October 2024), 2021.
Bie, Z., Lin, Y., Li, G., and Li, F.: Battling the extreme: A study on the power system resilience, Proc. IEEE, 105, 1253–1266, https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2017.2679040, 2017.
Bird, L., Milligan, M., and Lew, D.: Integrating variable renewable energy: Challenges and solutions, National Renewable Energy Lab, https://doi.org/10.2172/1097911, 2013.
Boldea, I.: Synchronous generators, CRC Press, https://doi.org/10.1201/b19310, 2005.
Bonfiglio, A., Invernizzi, M., Labella, A., and Procopio, R.: Design and implementation of a variable synthetic inertia controller for wind turbine generators, IEEE T. Power Syst., 34, 754–764, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2865958, 2018.
Breyer, C., Khalili, S., Bogdanov, D., Ram, M., Oyewo, A. S., Aghahosseini, A., Gulagi, A., Solomon, A., Keiner, D., and Lopez, G.: On the history and future of 100 % renewable energy systems research, IEEE Access, 10, 78176–78218, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3193402, 2022.
Camm, E., Behnke, M., Bolado, O., Bollen, M., Bradt, M., Brooks, C., Dilling, W., Edds, M., Hejdak, W., and Houseman, D.: Characteristics of wind turbine generators for wind power plants, in: 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 26–30 July 2009, Calgary, AB, Canada, https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2009.5275330, 2009.
Chaudhuri, B., Ramasubramanian, D., Matevosyan, J., O'Malley, M., Miller, N., Green, T., and Zhou, X.: Rebalancing Needs and Services for Future Grids, IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 22, 30–41, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2023.3342113, 2024.
Chen, L., Du, X., Hu, B., and Blaabjerg, F.: Drivetrain oscillation analysis of grid forming type-IV wind turbine, IEEE T. Energ. Convers., 37, 2321–2337, https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2022.3179609, 2022.
Chen, Z., Guerrero, J. M., and Blaabjerg, F.: A review of the state of the art of power electronics for wind turbines, IEEE T. Power Elect., 24, 1859–1875, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2009.2017082, 2009.
Cheng, Y., Fan, L., Rose, J., Huang, S.-H., Schmall, J., Wang, X., Xie, X., Shair, J., Ramamurthy, J. R., and Modi, N.: Real-world subsynchronous oscillation events in power grids with high penetrations of inverter-based resources, IEEE T. Power Syst., 38, 316–330, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2022.3161418, 2022.
Cherubini, A., Papini, A., Vertechy, R., and Fontana, M.: Airborne Wind Energy Systems: A review of the technologies, Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 51, 1461–1476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.053, 2015.
Christensen, P. W.: Grid codes: The Manufacturer's Nightmare, European Wind Energy Association, Warsaw, https://www.ewea.org/ewec2010/fileadmin/ewec2010_files/documents/side_events/Peter_Wibaek_Christensen.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2010.
Cochran, J., Miller, M., Zinaman, O., Milligan, M., Arent, D., Palmintier, B., O'Malley, M., Mueller, S., Lannoye, E., and Tuohy, A.: Flexibility in 21st century power systems, National Renewable Energy Lab, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/63021.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2014.
Cradden, L. C., McDermott, F., Zubiate, L., Sweeney, C., and O'Malley, M.: A 34-year simulation of wind generation potential for Ireland and the impact of large-scale atmospheric pressure patterns, Renew. Energy, 106, 165–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.079, 2017.
Cutululis, N. A., Blaabjerg, F., Østergaard, J., Bak, C. L., Anderson, M., da Silva, F. M. F., Johannsson, H., Wang, X., and Jørgensen, B. H.: The Energy Islands: A Mars Mission for the Energy system, https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/445608701/The_Energy_Islands_a_Mars_mission_for_the_Danish_energy_system.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2021.
Dalla Riva, A., Hethey, J., and Vītiòa, A.: IEA Wind TCP Task 26: Impacts of Wind Turbine Technology on the System Value of Wind in Europe, International Energy Agency, https://doi.org/10.2172/1437346, 2017.
Delille, G., Francois, B., and Malarange, G.: Dynamic frequency control support by energy storage to reduce the impact of wind and solar generation on isolated power system's inertia, IEEE T. Sustain. Energ., 3, 931–939, https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2012.2205025, 2012.
Denholm, P., Mai, T., Kenyon, R. W., Kroposki, B., and O'Malley, M.: Inertia and the power grid: A guide without the spin, National Renewable Energy Lab, https://doi.org/10.2172/1659820, 2020.
Denholm, P., Arent, D. J., Baldwin, S. F., Bilello, D. E., Brinkman, G. L., Cochran, J. M., Cole, W. J., Frew, B., Gevorgian, V., Heeter, J., Hodge, B.-M., Kroposki, B., Mai, T., O'Malley, M., Palmintier, B., Steinberg, D., and Zhang, Y.: The challenges of achieving a 100 % renewable electricity system in the United States, Joule, 5, 1331–1352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.03.028, 2021.
Denholm, P. L., Sun, Y., and Mai, T. T.: An introduction to grid services: Concepts, technical requirements, and provision from wind, National Renewable Energy Lab, https://doi.org/10.2172/1493402, 2019.
Denis, G., Prevost, T., Debry, M. S., Xavier, F., Guillaud, X., and Menze, A.: The Migrate project: the challenges of operating a transmission grid with only inverter-based generation. A grid-forming control improvement with transient current-limiting control, IET Renew. Power Gen., 12, 523–529, https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2017.0369, 2018.
Denny, E. and O'Malley, M.: Quantifying the total net benefits of grid integrated wind, IEEE T. Power Syst., 22, 605–615, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2007.894864, 2007.
Diógenes, J. R. F., Claro, J., Rodrigues, J. C., and Loureiro, M. V.: Barriers to onshore wind energy implementation: A systematic review, Energ. Res. Social Sci., 60, 101337, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101337, 2020.
Doherty, R., Lalor, G., and O'Malley, M.: Frequency control in competitive electricity market dispatch, IEEE T. Power Syst., 20, 1588–1596, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2005.852146, 2005.
Domínguez-García, J. L., Gomis-Bellmunt, O., Bianchi, F. D., and Sumper, A.: Power oscillation damping supported by wind power: A review, Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 16, 4994–5006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.063, 2012.
Dykes, K., Kitzing, L., Andersson, M., Pons-Seres de Brauwer, C., and Canét, H.: Beyond LCOE: New assessment criteria for evaluating Wind Energy R&I, in: 2020 Beyond LCOE Workshop, 23–24 January 2020, Brussels, Belgium, SETWind, https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/234026713/Beyond_LCOE_New_Assessment_Criteria_for_Evaluating_Wind_Energy_RI.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2020.
Dykes, K. L., Veers, P. S., Lantz, E. J., Holttinen, H., Carlson, O., Tuohy, A., Sempreviva, A. M., Clifton, A., Rodrigo, J. S., and Berry, D. S.: IEA wind TCP: Results of IEA wind TCP workshop on a grand vision for wind energy technology, National Renewable Energy Lab, https://doi.org/10.2172/1508509, 2019.
EAWE – European Academy of Wind Energy: Grand Challenges: wind energy research needs for a global energy transition, https://www.wind-energy-science.net/articles_and_preprints/grand-challenges.html (last access: 12 October 2024), 2023.
EIA: Levelized Costs of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2022, EIA, https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2022.
EirGrid: All island grid study overview, EirGrid Group, https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/11-AllIslandGridStudyStudyOverviewJan08.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2008.
EirGrid: EirGrid Grid Code, EirGrid, https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Grid-Code.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2019.
EirGrid: DS3 Programme, https://www.eirgridgroup.com/how-the-grid-works/ds3-programme/ (last access: 11 October 2024), 2023.
Ela, E., Gevorgian, V., Tuohy, A., Kirby, B., Milligan, M., and O'Malley, M.: Market designs for the primary frequency response ancillary service – Part I: Motivation and design, IEEE T. Power Syst., 29, 421–431, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2264942, 2013.
Ela, E., Gevorgian, V., Fleming, P., Zhang, Y., Singh, M., Muljadi, E., Scholbrook, A., Aho, J., Buckspan, A., Pao, L., Shigvi, V., Tuohy, A., Pourbeik, P., Brooks, D., and Bhatt, N.: Active power controls from wind power: Bridging the gaps, NREL, https://doi.org/10.2172/1117060, 2014.
Ela, E., Wang, C., Moorty, S., Ragsdale, K., O'Sullivan, J., Rothleder, M., and Hobbs, B.: Electricity markets and renewables: A survey of potential design changes and their consequences, IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 15, 70–82, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2017.2730827, 2017.
Ela, E., Hytowitz, R., and Helman, U.: Ancillary services in the united states: Technical requirements, market designs, and price trends, EPRI – Electric Power Research Institute, https://www.epri.com/research/products/000000003002015670 (last access: 11 October 2024), 2019.
Ela, E., Mills, A., Gimon, E., Hogan, M., Bouchez, N., Giacomoni, A., Ng, H., Gonzalez, J., and DeSocio, M.: Electricity market of the future: potential North American designs without fuel costs, IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 19, 41–52, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2020.3033396, 2021.
El-Naggar, A. and Erlich, I.: Fault current contribution analysis of doubly fed induction generator-based wind turbines, IEEE T. Energ. Convers., 30, 874–882, https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2015.2398671, 2015.
EPRI: Resource Adequacy Philosophy: A Guide to Resource Adequacy Concepts and Approaches, https://www.epri.com/research/programs/067417/results/3002024368 (last access: 11 October 2024), 2022a.
EPRI: Resource Adequacy for a Decarbonized Future A Summary of Existing and Proposed Resource Adequacy Metrics, https://www.epri.com/research/programs/067417/results/3002023230 (last access: 11 October 2024), 2022b.
ESIG: Toward 100 % Renewable Energy Pathway: Key Research Needs, ESIG, https://www.esig.energy/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Toward-100-Renewable-Energy-Pathways-Key-Research-Needs.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2019.
Eto, J. H., Undrill, J., Mackin, P., Daschmans, R., Williams, B., Haney, B., Hunt, R., Ellis, J., Illian, H., Martinez, C., O'Malley, M., Coughlin, K., and LaCommare, K. H.: Use of frequency response metrics to assess the planning and operating requirements for reliable integration of variable renewable generation, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, https://doi.org/10.2172/1003830, 2010.
GE: Riders On The Storm: GE Is Building A Wind Turbine That Can Weather Violent Typhoons, Hurricanes, https://w3.windfair.net/wind-energy/pr/28786-ge-ge-renewable-energy-turbine-wind-turbine-typhoon (last access: 11 October 2024), 2018.
Gevorgian, V., Shah, S., Yan, W., and Henderson, G.: Grid-forming wind: getting ready for prime time, with or without inverters, IEEE Electr. Mag., 10, 52–64, https://doi.org/10.1109/MELE.2021.3139246, 2022.
Ghasemi, H., Gharehpetian, G., Nabavi-Niaki, S. A., and Aghaei, J.: Overview of subsynchronous resonance analysis and control in wind turbines, Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 27, 234–243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.025, 2013.
Ghosh, S., Isbeih, Y. J., Bhattarai, R., El Moursi, M. S., El-Saadany, E. F., and Kamalasadan, S.: A dynamic coordination control architecture for reactive power capability enhancement of the DFIG-based wind power generation, IEEE T. Power Syst., 35, 3051–3064, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2020.2968483, 2020.
Girsang, I. P., Dhupia, J. S., Singh, M., Gevorgian, V., Muljadi, E., and Jonkman, J.: Impacts of providing inertial response on dynamic loads of wind turbine drivetrains, in: 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 14–18 September 2014, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE.2014.6953597, 2014.
Glasdam, J. B., Zeni, L., Gryning, M., Hjerrild, J., Kocewiak, Ł., Hesselbaek, B., Andersen, K., Sørensen, T., Blanke, M., and Sørensen, P. E.: HVDC connected offshore wind power plants: review and outlook of current research, in: Event 12th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants, 22–24 October 2013 London, UK, ISBN 978-3-98-13870-7-0, https://findit.dtu.dk/en/catalog/537f109374bed2fd2100e8e1 (last access: 11 October 2024), 2013.
Gloe, A., Jauch, C., Craciun, B., Zanter, A., and Winkelmann, J.: Influence of continuous provision of synthetic inertia on the mechanical loads of a wind turbine, Energies, 14, 5185, https://doi.org/10.3390/en14165185, 2021.
Glover, J. D., Sarma, M. S., and Overbye, T.: Power system analysis & design, SI version, Cengage Learning, Cengage Learning, ISBN 9780357676387, https://www.cengage.uk/c/power-system-analysis-and-design-si-edition-7e-glover-sarma (last access: 11 October 2024), 2012.
Göçmen, T., Giebel, G., Poulsen, N. K., and Sørensen, P. E.: Possible power of down-regulated offshore wind power plants: The PossPOW algorithm, Wind Energy, 22, 205–218, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2279, 2018.
Gonzalez-Longatt, F. M., Acosta, M. N., Chamorro, H. R., and Rueda Torres, J. L.: Power converters dominated power systems, in: Modelling and Simulation of Power Electronic Converter Dominated Power Systems in PowerFactory, Springer, 1–35, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54124-8_1, 2021.
Government of Ireland: Climate action plan 2021 – Securing our future, Government of Ireland, https://assets.gov.ie/203558/f06a924b-4773-4829-ba59-b0feec978e40.pdf, (last access: 11 October 2024) 2021.
Gu, M., Meegahapola, L., and Wong, K. L.: Coordinated voltage and frequency control in hybrid AC/MT-HVDC power grids for stability improvement, IEEE T. Power Syst., 36, 635–647, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2020.2983431, 2020.
Haegel, N. M., Atwater Jr., H., Barnes, T., Breyer, C., Burrell, A., Chiang, Y.-M., De Wolf, S., Dimmler, B., Feldman, D., and Glunz, S.: Terawatt-scale photovoltaics: Transform global energy, Science, 364, 836–838, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1845, 2019.
Hansen, A. D., Altin, M., Margaris, I. D., Iov, F., and Tarnowski, G. C.: Analysis of the short-term overproduction capability of variable speed wind turbines, Renew. Energy, 68, 326–336, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.02.012, 2014.
Hasche, B., Keane, A., and O'Malley, M.: Capacity value of wind power, calculation, and data requirements: the Irish power system case, IEEE T. Power Syst., 26, 420–430, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2051341, 2010.
Hatziargyriou, N., Milanovic, J., Rahmann, C., Ajjarapu, V., Canizares, C., Erlich, I., Hill, D., Hiskens, I., Kamwa, I., and Pal, B.: Definition and classification of power system stability–revisited & extended, IEEE T. Power Syst., 36, 3271–3281, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3041774, 2020.
Hedman, K. W., Oren, S. S., and O'Neill, R. P.: A review of transmission switching and network topology optimization, in: 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 24–28 July 2011, Detroit, MI, USA, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2011.6039857, 2011.
Henderson, C.: Interactions of grid-forming converters for windfarm applications, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, https://doi.org/10.48730/0qk4-kk24, 2023.
Henderson, G.: The latest development in synchronous wind turbine technology: how the LVS system can deliver low cost, broad-band variable turbine speed and type 5 grid connection, https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2636, 2021.
Henderson, G. and Gevorgian, V.: Type 5 wind turbine technology: how synchronised, synchronous generation avoids uncertainties about inverter interoperability under IEEE 2800: 2022, in: 21st Wind & Solar Integration Workshop, Hybrid Conference, 12–14 October 2022, the Hague, the Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2022.2764, 2022.
Hobbs, B. F., Wang, Y., Xu, Q., Zhang, S., Hamann, H. F., Zhang, R., Siebenschuh, C., Zhang, J., Li, B., and He, L.: Coordinated ramping product and regulation reserve procurements in caiso and miso using multi-scale probabilistic solar power forecasts (pro2r), Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, https://doi.org/10.2172/1873393, 2022.
Hodge, B. M. S., Jain, H., Brancucci, C., Seo, G. S., Korpås, M., Kiviluoma, J., Holttinen, H., Smith, J. C., Orths, A., and Estanqueiro, A.: Addressing technical challenges in 100 % variable inverter-based renewable energy power systems, Wiley Interdisciplin. Rev.: Energ. Environ., 9, e376, https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.376, 2020.
Hogan, W. W.: On an “energy only” electricity market design for resource adequacy, Harvard University, https://www.lmpmarketdesign.com/papers/Hogan_Energy_Only_092305.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2005.
Holttinen, H.: IEA Wind Annual Report 2022, IEA, https://iea-wind.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/IEA_Wind_TCP_Annual_Report_2022_ExecutiveSummary.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2023.
Holttinen, H., Kiviluoma, J., Levy, T., Jun, L., Eriksen, P. B., Orths, A., Cutululis, N., Silva, V., Neau, E., and Dobschinski, J.: Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power: Final summary report, IEA WIND Task 25, Phase four 2015-20179513886832, IEA, https://doi.org/10.32040/2242-122X.2019.T350, 2019.
Holttinen, H., Kiviluoma, J., Flynn, D., Smith, J. C., Orths, A., Eriksen, P. B., Cutululis, N., Söder, L., Korpås, M., Estanqueiro, A., MacDowell, J., Tuohy, A., Vrana, T. K., and O'Malley, M.: System impact studies for near 100 % renewable energy systems dominated by inverter based variable generation, IEEE T. Power Syst., 37, 3249–3258, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3034924, 2020.
Holttinen, H., Kiviluoma, J., Helistö, N., Levy, T., Menemenlis, N., Jun, L., Cutululis, N. A., Koivisto, M., Das, K., and Orths, A.: Design and operation of energy systems with large amounts of variable generation: Final summary report, IEA Wind TCP Task 25, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 951388757X, https://doi.org/10.32040/2242-122X.2021.T396, 2021.
Houck, D. R.: Review of wake management techniques for wind turbines, Wind Energy, 25, 195–220, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2668, 2022.
IEA: World Energy Outlook 2022, IEA, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2022 (last access: 11 October 2024), 2022.
IEA: Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions, International Energy Agency, https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-grids-and-secure-energy-transitions (last access: 11 October 2024), 2023a.
IEA: Wind TCP Task 50: https://iea-wind.org/task50/ (last access: 11 October 2024), 2023b.
IRENA: Grid Codes for Renewable Powered Systems, Abu Dhabi, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_Grid_Codes_Renewable_Systems_2022.pdf?rev=986f108cbe5e47b98d17fca93eee6c86 (last access: 11 October 2024), 2022.
Jain, A., Saborío-Romano, O., Sakamuri, J. N., and Cutululis, N. A.: Blackstart from HVDC-connected offshore wind: Hard versus soft energization, IET Renew. Power Gen., 15, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12010, 2020.
Jorgenson, J., Denholm, P., and Mai, T.: Analyzing storage for wind integration in a transmission-constrained power system, Appl. Energ., 228, 122–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.046, 2018.
Keane, A., Milligan, M., Dent, C. J., Hasche, B., D'Annunzio, C., Dragoon, K., Holttinen, H., Samaan, N., Soder, L., and O'Malley, M.: Capacity value of wind power, IEEE T. Power Syst., 26, 564–572, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2062543, 2011.
Kemp, J. M., Millstein, D., Kim, J. H., and Wiser, R.: Interactions between hybrid power plant development and local transmission in congested regions, Adv. Appl. Energ., 10, 100133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100133, 2023.
Kirkegaard, J. K., Rudolph, D. P., Nyborg, S., Solman, H., Gill, E., Cronin, T., and Hallisey, M.: Tackling grand challenges in wind energy through a socio-technical perspective, Nat. Energ., 8, 655–664, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-023-01266-z, 2023.
Kirschen, D. S. and Strbac, G.: Fundamentals of power system economics, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 111921324X, 2018.
Kocewiak, L., Guest, E., Dowlatabadi, M. K. B., Chen, S., Árnadóttir, U. D., Jensen, S. J., Kramer, B. Ø., Nagaiceva, V., Siepker, T., and Terriche, Y.: Active filtering trial to reduce harmonic voltage distortion in an offshore wind power plant, in: 22nd Wind and Solar Integration Workshop, 26–28 September 2023, Copenhagen, Denmark, 394–399, https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2023.2764, 2023.
Kolar, J. W., Friedli, T., Krismer, F., Looser, A., Schweizer, M., Friedemann, R. A., Steimer, P. K., and Bevirt, J. B.: Conceptualization and multiobjective optimization of the electric system of an airborne wind turbine, IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Elect., 1, 73–103, https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2013.2269672, 2013.
Kroposki, B., Johnson, B., Zhang, Y., Gevorgian, V., Denholm, P., Hodge, B.-M., and Hannegan, B.: Achieving a 100 % renewable grid: Operating electric power systems with extremely high levels of variable renewable energy, IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 15, 61–73, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2016.2637122, 2017.
Lannoye, E., Flynn, D., and O'Malley, M.: Evaluation of power system flexibility, IEEE T. Power Syst., 27, 922–931, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2177280, 2012.
Lauby, M. G., Ahlstrom, M., Brooks, D. L., Beuning, S., Caspary, J., Grant, W., Kirby, B., Milligan, M., O'Malley, M., Patel, M., Piwko, R., Pourbeik, P., Shirmohammadi, D., and Smith, C. J.: Balancing Act, IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 9, 75–85, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2011.942352, 2011.
Lazard: Lazard's Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis, https://www.lazard.com/media/2ozoovyg/lazards-lcoeplus-april-2023.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2023.
Leutbecher, M. and Palmer, T. N.: Ensemble forecasting, J. Comput. Phys., 227, 3515–3539, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.014, 2008.
Lin, Y., Eto, J. H., Johnson, B. B., Flicker, J. D., Lasseter, R. H., Villegas Pico, H. N., Seo, G.-S., Pierre, B. J., and Ellis, A.: Research roadmap on grid-forming inverters, NREL – National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO, USA, https://doi.org/10.2172/1721727, 2020.
Lin, Y., Eto, J. H., Johnson, B. B., Flicker, J. D., Lasseter, R. H., Pico, H. N. V., Seo, G.-S., Pierre, B. J., Ellis, A., Miller, J., and Yuan, G.: Pathways to the next-generation power system with inverter-based resources: Challenges and recommendations, IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 10, 10–21, https://doi.org/10.1109/MELE.2021.3139132, 2022.
Lin, Z. and Liu, X.: Wind power forecasting of an offshore wind turbine based on high-frequency SCADA data and deep learning neural network, Energy, 201, 117693, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117693, 2020.
Liu, J., Yao, Q., and Hu, Y.: Model predictive control for load frequency of hybrid power system with wind power and thermal power, Energy, 172, 555–565, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.01.071, 2019.
Liu, T. and Wang, X.: Transient stability of single-loop voltage-magnitude controlled grid-forming converters, IEEE T. Power Elect., 36, 6158–6162, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2020.3034288, 2021.
Loth, E., Qin, C., Simpson, J. G., and Dykes, K.: Why we must move beyond LCOE for renewable energy design, Adv. Appl. Energ., 8, 100112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2022.100112, 2022.
Lu, L., Saborío-Romano, O., and Cutululis, N. A.: Torsional oscillation damping in wind turbines with virtual synchronous machine-based frequency response, Wind Energy, 25, 1157–1172, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2719, 2022.
Mahzarnia, M., Moghaddam, M. P., Baboli, P. T., and Siano, P.: A Review of the Measures to Enhance Power Systems Resilience, IEEE Syst. J., 14, 4059–4070, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2020.2965993, 2020.
Mallapragada, D. S., Sepulveda, N. A., and Jenkins, J. D.: Long-run system value of battery energy storage in future grids with increasing wind and solar generation, Appl. Energ., 275, 115390, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115390, 2020.
Martínez-Turégano, J., Añó-Villalba, S., Bernal-Perez, S., Peña, R., and Blasco-Gimenez, R.: Small-signal stability and fault performance of mixed grid forming and grid following offshore wind power plants connected to a HVDC-diode rectifier, IET Renew. Power Gen., 14, 2166–2175, https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.1264, 2020.
Matevosyan, J., Badrzadeh, B., Prevost, T., Quitmann, E., Ramasubramanian, D., Urdal, H., Achilles, S., MacDowell, J., Huang, S. H., Vital, V., O'Sullivan, J., and Quint, R.: Grid-forming inverters: Are they the key for high renewable penetration?, IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 17, 89–98, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2019.2933072, 2019.
Matevosyan, J., MacDowell, J., Miller, N., Badrzadeh, B., Ramasubramanian, D., Isaacs, A., Quint, R., Quitmann, E., Pfeiffer, R., Urdal, H., Prevost, T., Vittal, V., Woodford, D., Huang, S. H., and O'Sullivan, J.: A future with inverter-based resources: Finding strength from traditional weakness, IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 19, 18–28, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2021.3104075, 2021.
Meyers, J., Bottasso, C., Dykes, K., Fleming, P., Gebraad, P., Giebel, G., Göçmen, T., and Van Wingerden, J.-W.: Wind farm flow control: prospects and challenges, Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2271–2306, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2271-2022, 2022.
Miller, N., Green, T., Li, Y., Ramasubramanian, D., Bialek, J., O'Malley, M., Smith, C., Lew, D., Matevosyan, J., Taul, M. G., and Philbrick, R.: Stability Tools Inventory: Status and Needs, Global Power System Transformation Consortium, 23 August 2021, https://globalpst.org/wp-content/uploads/Tools-Team-Presentation.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2021.
Moawwad, A., El Moursi, M. S., and Xiao, W.: A novel transient control strategy for VSC-HVDC connecting offshore wind power plant, IEEE T. Sustain. Energ., 5, 1056–1069, https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2014.2325951, 2014.
Mohseni, M. and Islam, S. M.: Review of international grid codes for wind power integration: Diversity, technology and a case for global standard, Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 16, 3876–3890, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.039, 2012.
Morales-España, G., Nycander, E., and Sijm, J.: Reducing CO2 emissions by curtailing renewables: Examples from optimal power system operation, Energ. Econ., 99, 105277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105277, 2021.
Muljadi, E., Gevorgian, V., Singh, M., and Santoso, S.: Understanding inertial and frequency response of wind power plants, in: IEEE Symposium on Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications, 16–18 July 2012, Denver, Colorado, https://doi.org/10.1109/PEMWA.2012.6316361, 2012.
Mullane, A. and O'Malley, M.: The inertial response of induction-machine-based wind turbines, IEEE T. Power Syst., 20, 1496–1503, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2005.852081, 2005.
Mullane, A. and O'Malley, M.: Modifying the inertial response of power-converter based wind turbine generators, in: 3rd IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2006), 4–6 April 2006, Dublin, Ireland, https://doi.org/10.1049/cp:20060084, 2006.
Müller, S., Holttinen, H., Taibi, E., Smith, J., Fraile, D., and Vrana, T. K.: System integration costs—A useful concept that is complicated to quantify, in: Proc. 17th Int. Workshop Large-Scale Integr. Wind Power Power Syst. Well Transmiss. Netw. Offshore Wind Power Plants, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hannele-Holttinen/publication/333617914_System_Integration_Costs_-_a_Useful_Concept_that_is_Complicated (last access: 11 October 2024), 2018.
Murphy, C. A., Schleifer, A., and Eurek, K.: A taxonomy of systems that combine utility-scale renewable energy and energy storage technologies, Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 139, 110711, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110711, 2021.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: The Future of Electric Power in the United States, National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 330 pp., https://doi.org/10.17226/25968, 2021.
Nema, P., Nema, R., and Rangnekar, S.: A current and future state of art development of hybrid energy system using wind and PV-solar: A review, Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 13, 2096–2103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.10.006, 2009.
Neuhoff, K., Richstein, J. C., and Kröger, M.: Reacting to changing paradigms: How and why to reform electricity markets, Energy Policy, 180, 113691, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113691, 2023.
NGESO: Black Start from Non-Traditional Generation Technologies, https://etipwind.eu/files/file/agendas/231205-ETIPWind-SRIA.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2019.
NGESO: Electricity System Operator Markets Roadmap, National Grid Electricity System Operator, 2023.
NGESO: Electricity System Operator Markets Roadmap, National Grid Electricity System Operator, https://www.nationalgrideso.com/document/304131/download (last access: 11 October 2024), 2024.
Nguyen, T.-T., Vu, T., Paudyal, S., Blaabjerg, F., and Vu, T. L.: Grid-Forming Inverter-based Wind Turbine Generators: Comprehensive Review, Comparative Analysis, and Recommendations, arXiv [preprint], https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2203.02105, 2022.
Novacheck, J., Sharp, J., Schwarz, M., Donohoo-Vallett, P., Tzavelis, Z., Buster, G., and Rossol, M.: The evolving role of extreme weather events in the US power system with high levels of variable renewable energy, NREL – National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO, USA, https://doi.org/10.2172/1837959, 2021.
O'Malley, M.: Grid integration [in my view], IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 9, 118–120, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2011.942477, 2011.
O'Malley, M.: Towards 100 % renewable energy system, IEEE T. Power Syst., 37, 3187–3189, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2022.3178170, 2022.
O'Malley, M., Kroposki, B., Hannegan, B., Madsen, H., Andersson, M., D'haeseleer, W., McGranaghan, M. F., Dent, C., Strbac, G., Baskaran, S., and Rinker, M.: Energy Systems Integration. Defining and Describing the Value Proposition, United States, Medium: ED; p. 12, OSTI.GOV, https://doi.org/10.2172/1257674, 2016.
Osman, M., Segal, N., Najafzadeh, A., and Harris, J.: Short-circuit modeling and system strength, North American Electric Reliability Corporation, https://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability Assessments DL/Short_Circuit_whitepaper_Final_1_26_18.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2018.
Pagnani, D., Blaabjerg, F., Bak, C. L., Faria da Silva, F. M., Kocewiak, Ł. H., and Hjerrild, J.: Offshore wind farm black start service integration: Review and outlook of ongoing research, Energies, 13, 6286, https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236286, 2020.
Pan, D., Wang, X., Liu, F., and Shi, R.: Transient stability of voltage-source converters with grid-forming control: A design-oriented study, IEEE J. Emerg. Select. Top. Power Elect., 8, 1019–1033, https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2019.2946310, 2020.
Panteli, M. and Mancarella, P.: The grid: Stronger, bigger, smarter: Presenting a conceptual framework of power system resilience, IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 13, 58–66, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2015.2397334, 2015.
Papadopoulos, P. N. and Milanović, J. V.: Probabilistic framework for transient stability assessment of power systems with high penetration of renewable generation, IEEE T. Power Syst., 32, 3078–3088, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2630799, 2016.
Pineda, I. and Vannoorenberghe, C.: Strategic Research & Innovation Agenda 2025–2027, European Technology and Innovation Platform on Wind energy, https://etipwind.eu/files/file/agendas/231205-ETIPWind-SRIA.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2023.
Qiao, W., Harley, R. G., and Venayagamoorthy, G. K.: Coordinated reactive power control of a large wind farm and a STATCOM using heuristic dynamic programming, IEEE T. Energ. Convers., 24, 493–503, https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2008.2001456, 2009.
Rafique, Z., Khalid, H. M., Muyeen, S., and Kamwa, I.: Bibliographic review on power system oscillations damping: An era of conventional grids and renewable energy integration, Int. J. Elect. Power Energ. Syst., 136, 107556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107556, 2022.
Rebours, Y. G., Kirschen, D. S., Trotignon, M., and Rossignol, S.: A survey of frequency and voltage control ancillary services – Part II: Economic features, IEEE T. Power Syst., 22, 358–366, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2006.888965, 2007a.
Rebours, Y. G., Kirschen, D. S., Trotignon, M., and Rossignol, S.: A survey of frequency and voltage control ancillary services – Part I: Technical features, IEEE T. Power Syst., 22, 350–357, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2006.888963, 2007b.
REN21: Renewables 2023 Global Status Report, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2006.888963, 2023.
Roscoe, A., Brogan, P., Elliott, D., Knueppel, T., Gutierrez, I., Crolla, P., Silva, R., Campion, J.-C. P., and Da Silva, R.: Practical experience of providing enhanced grid forming services from an onshore wind park, in: 18th Wind Integration Workshop, 16–18 October 2019, Dublin, Ireland, https://knowledge.rtds.com/hc/en-us/article_attachments/1500001877941/Practical_Experience_of_Operating_a_Grid_Forming_Wind_Park_and_its_Response_to_System_Events.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2020.
Roscoe, A., Knueppel, T., Da Silva, R., Brogan, P., Gutierrez, I., Elliott, D., and Perez Campion, J. C.: Response of a grid forming wind farm to system events, and the impact of external and internal damping, IET Renew. Power Gen., 14, 3908–3917, https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2020.0638, 2021.
Sakamuri, J. N., Altin, M., Hansen, A. D., and Cutululis, N. A.: Coordinated frequency control from offshore wind power plants connected to multi terminal DC system considering wind speed variation, IET Renew. Power Gen., 11, 1226–1236, https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2016.0433, 2017.
Schuitema, G., Steg, L., and O'Malley, M.: Consumer behavior: why engineers need to read about it [guest editorial], IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 16, 14–48, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2017.2762378, 2018.
Schweppe, F. C., Caramanis, M. C., Tabors, R. D., and Bohn, R. E.: Spot pricing of electricity, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 1461316839, 2013.
ScottishPower: Black-Start Capability – A Global first for ScottishPower Renewables, https://www.scottishpowerrenewables.com/pages/innovation.aspx (last access: 11 October 2024), 2023.
SEAI: Wind Energy, https://www.seai.ie/technologies/wind-energy/#:~=Government Supports&text=To achieve this target set,to the grid by 2030 (last access: 11 October 2024), 2023.
Shah, S. and Gevorgian, V.: Control, operation, and stability characteristics of grid-forming type III wind turbines, in: 9th Wind Integration Workshop, 11–12 November 2020, USA, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/78158.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2020.
Simpkins, K.: Inspired by palm trees, scientists develop hurricane-resilient wind turbines, https://www.colorado.edu/today/2022/06/15/inspired-palm-trees-scientists-develop-hurricane-resilient-wind (last access: 11 October 2024), 2022.
Singh, M. and Santoso, S.: Dynamic models for wind turbines and wind power plants, NREL, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/52780.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2011.
Singlitico, A., Campion, N. J. B., Münster, M., Koivisto, M. J., Cutululis, N. A., Suo, C. J., Karlsson, K., Jørgensen, T., Waagstein, J. E., and Bendtsen, M. F.: Optimal placement of P2X facility in conjunction with Bornholm energy island: Preliminary overview for an immediate decarbonisation of maritime transport, Technical University of Denmark, https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/optimal-placement-of-p2x-facility-in-conjunction-with (last access: 11 October 2024), 2020.
Smith, J. C., Milligan, M. R., DeMeo, E. A., and Parsons, B.: Utility wind integration and operating impact state of the art, IEEE T. Power Syst., 22, 900–908, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2007.901598, 2007.
Söder, L., Tómasson, E., Estanqueiro, A., Flynn, D., Hodge, B.-M., Kiviluoma, J., Korpås, M., Neau, E., Couto, A., Pudjianto, D., Strbac, G., Burke, D., Gomez, T., Das, K., Cutululis, N., Van Herterm, D., Hoschle, H., Matevosyan, J., Von Roon, S., Carlini, E. M., Gaprabianca, M., and de Vries, L.: Review of wind generation within adequacy calculations and capacity markets for different power systems, Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 119, 109540, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109540, 2020.
Steg, L., Shwom, R., and Dietz, T.: What drives energy consumers: Engaging people in a sustainable energy transition, IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 16, 20–28, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2017.2762379, 2018.
Stenclik, D., Bloom, A., Cole, W., Figueroa Acevedo, A., Stephen, G., and Touhy, A.: Redefining resource adequacy for modern power systems: A report of the redefining resource adequacy task force, NREL – National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO, USA, https://doi.org/10.2172/1961567, 2021.
Stenclik, D., Goggin, M., Ela, E., and Ahlstrom, M.: Unlocking the Flexibility of Hybrid Resources, Energy Systems Integration Group, https://www.esig.energy/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/ESIG-Hybrid-Resources-report-2022.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2022.
Susskind, L., Chun, J., Gant, A., Hodgkins, C., Cohen, J., and Lohmar, S.: Sources of opposition to renewable energy projects in the United States, Energ Policy, 165, 112922, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112922, 2022.
Swisher, P., Leon, J. P. M., Gea-Bermúdez, J., Koivisto, M., Madsen, H. A., and Münster, M.: Competitiveness of a low specific power, low cut-out wind speed wind turbine in North and Central Europe towards 2050, Appl. Energ., 306, 118043, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118043, 2022.
Tande, J. O., Wagenaar, J. W., Latour, M. I., Aubrun, S., Wingerde, A. v., Eecen, P., Andersson, M., Barth, S., McKeever, P., and Cutululis, A. N.: Proposal for European lighthouse project: Floating wind energy, European Energy Research Alliance Wind Energy, https://blogg.sintef.no/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Lighthouse_SetWind_I.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2022.
Ueckerdt, F., Hirth, L., Luderer, G., and Edenhofer, O.: System LCOE: What are the costs of variable renewables?, Energy, 63, 61–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.072, 2013.
Van Cutsem, T. and Vournas, C.: Voltage stability of electric power systems, Springer Science & Business Media, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75536-6, 2007.
Van Dijk, M. T., Van Wingerden, J.-W., Ashuri, T., and Li, Y.: Wind farm multi-objective wake redirection for optimizing power production and loads, Energy, 121, 561–569, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.051, 2017.
Van Nuffel, L., Dedecca, J. G., Smit, T., and Rademaekers, K.: Sector coupling: how can it be enhanced in the EU to foster grid stability and decarbonise?, European Parliament Brussels, Belgium, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/626091/IPOL_STU(2018)626091_EN.pdf (last access: 11 October 2024), 2018.
Veers, P., Dykes, K., Lantz, E., Barth, S., Bottasso, C. L., Carlson, O., Clifton, A., Green, J., Green, P., Holttinen, H., Laird, D., Lehtomaki, V., Lundquist, J. K., Manwell, J., Marquis, M., Meneveau, C., Moriarty, P., Munduate, X., Muskulus, M., Naughton, J., Pao, L., Paquette, J., Peinke, J., Robertson, A., Rodrigo, J. S., Sempreviva, A. M., Smith, C. J., Touhy, A., and Wiser, R.: Grand challenges in the science of wind energy, Science, 366, 6464, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2027, 2019.
Veers, P., Dykes, K., Basu, S., Bianchini, A., Clifton, A., Green, P., Holttinen, H., Kitzing, L., Kosovic, B., Lundquist, J. K., Meyers, J., O'Malley, M., Shaw, W. J., and Straw, B.: Grand Challenges: wind energy research needs for a global energy transition, Wind Energy Sci., 7, 2491–2496, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022, 2022.
Veers, P., Bottasso, C. L., Manuel, L., Naughton, J., Pao, L., Paquette, J., Robertson, A., Robinson, M., Ananthan, S., Barlas, T., Bianchini, A., Bredmose, H., Horcas, S. G., Keller, J., Madsen, H. A., Manwell, J., Moriarty, P., Nolet, S., and Rinker, J.: Grand challenges in the design, manufacture, and operation of future wind turbine systems, Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1071–1131, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1071-2023, 2023.
Vittal, E., O'Malley, M., and Keane, A.: Rotor angle stability with high penetrations of wind generation, IEEE T. Power Syst., 27, 353–362, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2161097, 2011.
Wang, X. and Blaabjerg, F.: Harmonic stability in power electronic-based power systems: Concept, modeling, and analysis, IEEE T. Smart Grid, 10, 2858–2870, https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2018.2812712, 2018.
Wilches-Bernal, F., Bidram, A., Reno, M. J., Hernandez-Alvidrez, J., Barba, P., Reimer, B., Montoya, R., Carr, C., and Lavrova, O.: A survey of traveling wave protection schemes in electric power systems, IEEE Access, 9, 72949–72969, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3080234, 2021.
WindEurope: Wind Turbine Orders Monitoring Q3 2023, https://windeurope.org/intelligence-platform/reports/ (last access: 11 October 2024), 2023.
Wiser, R., Millstein, D., Bolinger, M., Jeong, S., and Mills, A.: Wind Power Market-Value Enhancements through Larger Rotors and Taller Towers, Energy Systems Integration Group, https://www.esig.energy/download/wind-power-market-value-enhancements-through-larger-rotors (last access: 11 October 2024), 2020.
Wu, Z., Gao, W., Gao, T., Yan, W., Zhang, H., Yan, S., and Wang, X.: State-of-the-art review on frequency response of wind power plants in power systems, J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energ., 6, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40565-017-0315-y, 2018.
Xu, Y., Zhao, S., Cao, Y., and Sun, K.: Understanding subsynchronous oscillations in DFIG-based wind farms without series compensation, IEEE Access, 7, 107201–107210, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2933156, 2019.
Yang, Y., DeFrain, J., and Faruqui, A.: Conceptual discussion on a potential hidden cross-seasonal storage: Cross-seasonal load shift in industrial sectors, Elect. J., 33, 106846, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2020.106846, 2020.
Zavadil, R., Miller, N., Ellis, A., Muljadi, E., Pourbeik, P., Saylors, S., Nelson, R., Irwin, G., Sahni, M. S., and Muthumuni, D.: Models for change, IEEE Power Energ. Mag., 9, 86–96, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2011.942388, 2011.
Zeni, L.: Power system integration of VSC-HVDC connected offshore wind power plants, DTU Wind Energy, https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/power-system-integration-of-vsc-hvdc-connected-offshore-wind (last access: 11 October 2024), 2015.
Zhang, H., Xiang, W., Lin, W., and Wen, J.: Grid forming converters in renewable energy sources dominated power grid: Control strategy, stability, application, and challenges, J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energ., 9, 1239–1256, https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2021.000257, 2021.
Zhao, F., Wang, X., Zhou, Z., Meng, L., Hasler, J.-P., Svensson, J. R., Kocewiak, L., Bai, H., and Zhang, H.: Energy-Storage Enhanced STATCOMs for Wind Power Plants, IEEE Power Elect. Mag., 10, 34–39, https://doi.org/10.1109/MPEL.2023.3273893, 2023.
Zhou, F., Joos, G., and Abbey, C.: Voltage stability in weak connection wind farms, in: IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 16 June 2005, San Francisco, CA, USA, https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2005.1489210, 2005.
Zhou, S. and Solomon, B. D.: Do renewable portfolio standards in the United States stunt renewable electricity development beyond mandatory targets?, Energ Policy, 140, 111377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111377, 2020.
Short summary
The rising share of wind power poses challenges to cost-effective integration while ensuring reliability. Balancing the needs of the power system and contributions of wind power is crucial for long-term value. Research should prioritize wind power advantages over competitors, focussing on internal challenges. Collaboration with other technologies is essential for addressing the fundamental objectives of power systems – maintaining reliable supply–demand balance at the lowest cost.
The rising share of wind power poses challenges to cost-effective integration while ensuring...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint