Articles | Volume 10, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-3091-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-3091-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Dec 2025
Research article |
| 22 Dec 2025
| 22 Dec 2025
Experimental study of regenerative wind farms featuring enhanced vertical energy entrainment
Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Kluyerweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
Marnix Fijen
Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Kluyerweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
Brian Dsouza
Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Kluyerweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Kluyerweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
Andrea Sciacchitano
Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Kluyerweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
Carlos Ferreira
Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Kluyerweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, the Netherlands
Related authors
Pin Chun Yen, YuanTso Li, Fulvio Scarano, and Wei Yu
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 1775–1805, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1775-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1775-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how changing wind turbine blade length affects the aerodynamics behind the turbine. Using high-fidelity simulations, we found that varying blade lengths accelerates the leapfrogging event but does not improve wake recovery directly. In contrast, turbulence plays a bigger role, as the wake breakdown process is more influenced by it over the studied rotor asymmetries. These findings provide insights for designing more efficient wind turbine rotors.
YuanTso Li, Wei Yu, Andrea Sciacchitano, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 631–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-631-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-631-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A novel wind farm concept, called a regenerative wind farm, is investigated numerically. This concept tackles the significant wake interaction losses among traditional wind farms. Our results show that regenerative wind farms can greatly reduce these losses, boosting power output per unit surface. Unlike traditional farms with three-bladed wind turbines, regenerative farms use multi-rotor systems with lifting devices (MRSLs). This unconventional design effectively reduces wake losses.
Bogdan Pamfil, Henrik Bredmose, Taeseong Kim, and Wei Yu
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-259, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-259, 2025
Preprint under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce fast response methods to predict how floating wind turbines behave in early design stages. By transforming the equations of motion into a form that’s easier to compute, our approach avoids longer simulations while preserving accuracy. We developed both single and double perturbation methods, which run far faster than standard models with errors under 3.5 %. The single perturbation method at second order offers the strongest balance of speed and accuracy.
Shantanu Purohit, Haoyuan Sun, Andrea Sciacchitano, and Wei Yu
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-185, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-185, 2025
Preprint under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
We experimentally investigated how changes in wind direction with height, known as wind veer, affect the wakes of wind turbines. The results demonstrate that wind veer leads to faster wake recovery and higher available power for downwind turbines. The impact of wind veer on yawed turbines is also studied, and it was observed that under strong veer conditions, yawing does not provide a significantly larger benefit for the available power of downwind turbines.
David Bensason, Andrea Sciacchitano, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 2137–2159, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-2137-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-2137-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study is an experimental exploration of the wake of the novel X-Rotor vertical-axis wind turbine. Passive blade pitch is used to favorably modify the wake topology and subsequent energy replenishment process. The results demonstrate significant increases in available power for downstream rotors and the underlying mechanisms, highlighting the potential of vertical-axis wind turbines and passive blade pitch control for high-energy-density wind farm applications.
Pin Chun Yen, YuanTso Li, Fulvio Scarano, and Wei Yu
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 1775–1805, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1775-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1775-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how changing wind turbine blade length affects the aerodynamics behind the turbine. Using high-fidelity simulations, we found that varying blade lengths accelerates the leapfrogging event but does not improve wake recovery directly. In contrast, turbulence plays a bigger role, as the wake breakdown process is more influenced by it over the studied rotor asymmetries. These findings provide insights for designing more efficient wind turbine rotors.
David Bensason, Jayant Mulay, Andrea Sciacchitano, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 1499–1528, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1499-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1499-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The wake of a scaled vertical-axis wind turbine farm was measured, resulting in the first experimental database of 3D-resolved flow-field measurements. In addition to the baseline operating conditions, two modes of wake control were tested, which involve the passive adjustment of the rotor blade pitch. The results highlight the impacts of these mode adjustments on the trailing vorticity system, wake topology, and affinity towards increasing the rate of wake recovery throughout the farm.
Abhratej Sahoo, Akshay Koodly Ravishankara, Wei Yu, Daniele Ragni, and Carlos Simao Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-69, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-69, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
The paper proposes a new model to include the effects of vortex generators in the fast aerodynamic force calculation methods used for rotor blade sectional load calculations. The model is derived from the effects of vortex generators on turbulent boundary layers. The new model is more accurate than existing models in predicting the parametric impact of various vortex generator geometries on the stall delay and lift increase effects on airfoil aerodynamic polars.
YuanTso Li, Wei Yu, Andrea Sciacchitano, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 631–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-631-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-631-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A novel wind farm concept, called a regenerative wind farm, is investigated numerically. This concept tackles the significant wake interaction losses among traditional wind farms. Our results show that regenerative wind farms can greatly reduce these losses, boosting power output per unit surface. Unlike traditional farms with three-bladed wind turbines, regenerative farms use multi-rotor systems with lifting devices (MRSLs). This unconventional design effectively reduces wake losses.
Flavio Avila Correia Martins, Alexander van Zuijlen, and Carlos Simão Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 41–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-41-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-41-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines regenerative wind farming with multirotor systems fitted with atmospheric boundary layer control (ABL-control) wings near the rotor's wake. These wings create vortices that boost vertical momentum transfer and speed up wake recovery. Results show that ABL-control wings can restore 95 % of wind power within six rotor diameters downstream, achieving a recovery rate nearly 10 times faster than that without ABL control.
Erik Fritz, Koen Boorsma, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1617–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1617-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1617-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents results from a wind tunnel experiment on a model wind turbine with swept blades, thus blades curved in the rotor plane. Using a non-intrusive measurement technique, the flow around the turbine blades was measured from which blade-level aerodynamics are derived in post-processing. The detailed experimental database gives insight into swept-blade aerodynamics and has great value in validating numerical tools, which aim at simulating swept wind turbine blades.
Erik Fritz, André Ribeiro, Koen Boorsma, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1173–1187, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1173-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1173-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents results from a wind tunnel experiment on a model wind turbine. Using a non-intrusive measurement technique, the flow around the turbine blades was measured. In post-processing, the blade-level aerodynamics are derived from the measured flow fields. The detailed experimental database has great value in validating numerical tools of varying complexity, which aim at simulating wind turbine aerodynamics as accurately as possible.
Adhyanth Giri Ajay, Laurence Morgan, Yan Wu, David Bretos, Aurelio Cascales, Oscar Pires, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 453–470, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-453-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-453-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper compares six different numerical models to predict the performance of an X-shaped vertical-axis wind turbine, offering insights into how it works in 3D when its blades are fixed at specific angles. The results showed the 3D models here reliably predict the performance while still taking this turbine's complex aerodynamics into account compared to 2D models. Further, these blade angles caused more complexity in predicting the turbine's behaviour, which is highlighted in this paper.
Nirav Dangi, Koen Boorsma, Edwin Bot, Wim Bierbooms, and Wei Yu
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-90, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-90, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The wind turbine wake is a downstream region of velocity deficit, resulting in a power loss for downstream wind turbines. A turbulator is proposed to minimize this velocity deficit. In this work, a very successful field test campaign was executed which demonstrated the use of segmented Gurney Flaps as a promising add-on to promote enhanced wind turbine wake recovery for improved overall wind farm farm performance.
André F. P. Ribeiro, Damiano Casalino, and Carlos S. Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 661–675, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-661-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-661-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Floating offshore wind turbines move due to not having a rigid foundation. Hence, as the blades rotate they experience more complex aerodynamics than standard onshore wind turbines. In this paper, we show computational simulations of a wind turbine rotor moving in various ways and quantify the effects of the motion in the forces acting on the blades. We show that these forces behave in nonlinear ways in some cases.
Alessandro Bianchini, Galih Bangga, Ian Baring-Gould, Alessandro Croce, José Ignacio Cruz, Rick Damiani, Gareth Erfort, Carlos Simao Ferreira, David Infield, Christian Navid Nayeri, George Pechlivanoglou, Mark Runacres, Gerard Schepers, Brent Summerville, David Wood, and Alice Orrell
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2003–2037, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2003-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2003-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper is part of the Grand Challenges Papers for Wind Energy. It provides a status of small wind turbine technology in terms of technical maturity, diffusion, and cost. Then, five grand challenges that are thought to be key to fostering the development of the technology are proposed. To tackle these challenges, a series of unknowns and gaps are first identified and discussed. Improvement areas are highlighted, within which 10 key enabling actions are finally proposed to the wind community.
Daan van der Hoek, Joeri Frederik, Ming Huang, Fulvio Scarano, Carlos Simao Ferreira, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1305–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1305-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a wind tunnel experiment where dynamic induction control was implemented on a small-scale turbine. By periodically changing the pitch angle of the blades, the low-velocity turbine wake is perturbed, and hence it recovers at a faster rate. Small particles were released in the flow and subsequently recorded with a set of high-speed cameras. This allowed us to reconstruct the flow behind the turbine and investigate the effect of dynamic induction control on the wake.
Carlos Ferreira, Wei Yu, Arianna Sala, and Axelle Viré
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 469–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Floating offshore wind turbines may experience large surge motions that, when faster than the local wind speed, cause rotor–wake interaction.
We derive a model which is able to predict the wind speed at the wind turbine, even for large and fast motions and load variations in the wind turbine.
The proposed dynamic inflow model includes an adaptation for highly loaded flow, and it is accurate and simple enough to be easily implemented in most blade element momentum design models.
Cited articles
Agüera, N., Cafiero, G., Astarita, T., and Discetti, S.: Ensemble 3D PTV for high resolution turbulent statistics, Measurement Science and Technology, 27, 124011, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/27/12/124011, 2016. a
Avila Correia Martins, F., van Zuijlen, A., and Simão Ferreira, C.: Proof of concept for multirotor systems with vortex-generating modes for regenerative wind energy: a study based on numerical simulations and experimental data, Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 41–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-41-2025, 2025. a, b
Barthelmie R.J., Hansen K., S. T. Frandsen, Rathmann O., Schepers J. G., Schlez W., Phillips J., Rados K., Zervos A., Politis E. S., and Chaviaropoulos P. K.: Modelling and measuring flow and wind turbine wakes in large wind farms offshore, Wind Energy, 12, 431–444, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.348, 2009. a
Barthelmie, R. J., Pryor, S. C., Frandsen, S. T., Hansen, K. S., Schepers, J., Rados, K., Schlez, W., Neubert, A., Jensen, L., and Neckelmann, S.: Quantifying the impact of wind turbine wakes on power output at offshore wind farms, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 27, 1302–1317, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JTECHA1398.1, 2010. a, b, c
Bensason, D., Mulay, J., Sciacchitano, A., and Ferreira, C.: Experimental demonstration of regenerative wind farming using a high-density layout of vertical-axis wind turbines, Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 1499–1528, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1499-2025, 2025. a
Broertjes, T., Bensason, D., Sciacchitano, A., and Ferreira, C.: Lift-induced wake re-energization for a vawt-based multi-rotor system, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2767, 072012, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/7/072012, 2024. a, b
Calaf, M., Meneveau, C., and Meyers, J.: Large eddy simulation study of fully developed wind-turbine array boundary layers, Physics of Fluids, 22, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3291077, 2010. a
Carraro, A., Rave, K., Salvador Masip, J., Schotmeijer, N., Garcia Bravo, M., Shams, M., Le Bailly de Tilleghem, V., Nibbelke, M., Dequae, F., and Domingues Coelho, T.: ReWind, Tech. rep., Delft University of Technology, https://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0ac5f5f6-5e37-4189-bdc9-6b30b943b001 (last access: 10 August 2025), 2024. a, b
Empire Wind: Empire wind, https://www.empirewind.com (last access: 12 May 2025), 2025. a
Faleiros, D. E., Tuinstra, M., Sciacchitano, A., and Scarano, F.: Generation and control of helium-filled soap bubbles for PIV, Experiments in Fluids, 60, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-019-2687-4, 2019. a, b
Ferreira, C., Bensason, D., Broertjes, T. J., Sciacchitano, A., Martins, F. A., and Ajay, A. G.: Enhancing Wind Farm Efficiency Through Active Control of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer’s Vertical Entrainment of Momentum, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2767, 092107, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092107, 2024. a, b, c
Giaquinta, D.: The Flow Topology of the Ahmed Body in Cross-Wind, Master's thesis, Delft University of Technology, http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:27b75b3f-8b4d-4977-82ee-e531fd986839 (last access: 10 August 2025), 2018. a
Giuni, M. and Green, R. B.: Vortex formation on squared and rounded tip, Aerospace Science and Technology, 29, 191–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2013.03.004, 2013. a
Hansen, K. S., Barthelmie, R. J., Jensen, L. E., and Sommer, A.: The impact of turbulence intensity and atmospheric stability on power deficits due to wind turbine wakes at Horns Rev wind farm, Wind Energy, 15, 183–196, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.512, 2012. a
Hanson, R. E., Buckley, H. P., and Lavoie, P.: Aerodynamic optimization of the flat-plate leading edge for experimental studies of laminar and transitional boundary layers, Experiments in Fluids, 53, 863–871, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-012-1324-2, 2012. a
Li, Y., Yu, W., and Sarlak, H.: Wake structures and performance of wind turbine rotor with harmonic surging motions under laminar and turbulent inflows, Wind Energy, 27, 1499–1525, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2949, 2024. a
Li, Y., Fijen, M., Dsouza, B., Yu, W., Sciacchitano, A., and Ferreira, C.: Supplementary benchmark data and experimental setup for “Experimental Studies of Regenerative Wind Farms Featuring Enhanced Vertical Energy Entrainment”, 4TU.ResearchData [code, data set], https://doi.org/10.4121/b182af71-8a77-4454-8593-4ea8e7ee2f92, 2025a. a, b, c, d, e
Li, Y., Yu, W., Sciacchitano, A., and Ferreira, C.: Wake Aerodynamic of Multi-Rotor System with Lifting-Devices Under Different Ambient Turbulence, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 3016, 012042, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012042, 2025b. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r
Lignarolo, L., Ragni, D., Krishnaswami, C., Chen, Q., Ferreira, C. S., and Van Bussel, G.: Experimental analysis of the wake of a horizontal-axis wind-turbine model, Renewable Energy, 70, 31–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.01.020, 2014. a
Lignarolo, L. E., Ragni, D., Ferreira, C. J., and van Bussel, G. J.: Experimental comparison of a wind-turbine and of an actuator-disc near wake, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 8, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4941926, 2016. a
McCoy, A., Musial, W., Hammond, R., Mulas Hernando, D., Duffy, P., Beiter, P., Perez, P., Baranowski, R., Reber, G., and Spitsen, P.: Offshore Wind Market Report: 2024 Edition, Tech. rep., National Renewable Energy Laboratory, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy24osti/90525.pdf (last access: 2 January 2025), 2024. a, b, c
Ørested: Hornsea Four, https://hornseaprojects.co.uk/hornsea-project-four (last access: 12 May 2025), 2025. a
Porté-Agel, F., Bastankhah, M., and Shamsoddin, S.: Wind-turbine and wind-farm flows: a review, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 174, 1–59, https://doi.org/10.1080/14685248.2017.1284327, 2020. a
Scarano, F., Ghaemi, S., Caridi, G. C. A., Bosbach, J., Dierksheide, U., and Sciacchitano, A.: On the use of helium-filled soap bubbles for large-scale tomographic PIV in wind tunnel experiments, Experiments in Fluids, 56, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-015-1909-7, 2015. a, b
Schanz, D., Gesemann, S., and Schröder, A.: Shake-The-Box: Lagrangian particle tracking at high particle image densities, Experiments in fluids, 57, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2157-1, 2016. a
Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., and Eliceiri, K. W.: NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis, Nature Methods, 9, 671–675, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089, 2012. a
Sciacchitano, A. and Wieneke, B.: PIV uncertainty propagation, Measurement Science and Technology, 27, 084006, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/27/8/084006, 2016. a
Smith, A. M. O.: High-lift aerodynamics, Journal of Aircraft, 12, 501–530, https://doi.org/10.2514/3.59830, 1975. a
Sørensen, J. N. and Larsen, G. C.: A minimalistic prediction model to determine energy production and costs of offshore wind farms, Energies, 14, 448, https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020448, 2021. a
Stevens, R. J., Gayme, D. F., and Meneveau, C.: Effects of turbine spacing on the power output of extended wind-farms, Wind Energy, 19, 359–370, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1835, 2016. a
Terra, W., Brown, C., Vloemans, S., van der Waals, M., Sciacchitano, A., Burton, D., Thompson, M. C., and Huysmans, T.: A Generic Cyclist Model for aerodynamic investigation: Design, geometry & first aerodynamic analysis of a male time-trial and sprint model, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 252, 105829, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2024.105829, 2024. a
Wang, S. and Ghaemi, S.: Unsteady motions in the turbulent separation bubble of a two-dimensional wing, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 948, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2022.603, 2022. a
Watson, S., Moro, A., Reis, V., Baniotopoulos, C., Barth, S., Bartoli, G., Bauer, F., Boelman, E., Bosse, D., Cherubini, A., Croce, A., Fagiano, L., Fontana, M., Gambier, A., Gkoumas, K., Golightly, C., Latour, M. I., Jamieson, P., Kaldellis, J., Macdonald, A., Murphy, J., Muskulus, M., Petrini, F., Pigolotti, L., Rasmussen, F., Schild, P., Schmehl, R., Stavridou, N., Tande, J., Taylor, N., Telsnig, T., and Wiser, R.: Future emerging technologies in the wind power sector: A European perspective, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 113, 109270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109270, 2019. a
Williams, R. and Zhao, F.: Global Offshore Wind Report 2024, Tech. rep., Global Wind Energy Council, https://www.gwec.net/reports/globaloffshorewindreport/2024 (last access: 2 January 2025), 2024. a
Wind Europe: Wind energy in Europe: 2023 Statistics and the outlook for 2024–2030, https://windeurope.org/intelligence-platform/ (last access: 2 January 2025), 2024. a
Wu, Y.-T. and Porté-Agel, F.: Large-eddy simulation of wind-turbine wakes: evaluation of turbine parametrisations, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 138, 345–366, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-010-9569-x, 2011. a
Wu, Y.-T. and Porté-Agel, F.: Modeling turbine wakes and power losses within a wind farm using LES: An application to the Horns Rev offshore wind farm, Renewable Energy, 75, 945–955, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.06.019, 2015. a
Yen, P. C., Li, Y., Scarano, F., and Yu, W.: Near-wake behavior of an asymmetric wind turbine rotor, Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 1775–1805, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1775-2025, 2025. a
Yu, W.: The wake of an unsteady actuator disc, PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:0e3a2402-585c-41b1-81cf-a35753076dfc, 2018. a
Short summary
We tested an innovative wind farm concept using novelly engineered wind turbine systems that can guide airflow more efficiently within the farm. Our experiments showed that wind farms deploying this concept can harvest more than twice the wind power per unit area compared to their traditional counterparts. Furthermore, these findings support earlier simulations and point to a more efficient space-saving future for wind energy.
We tested an innovative wind farm concept using novelly engineered wind turbine systems that can...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint