Articles | Volume 9, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1885-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1885-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Probabilistic surrogate modeling of damage equivalent loads on onshore and offshore wind turbines using mixture density networks
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629HS Delft, the Netherlands
Richard Dwight
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629HS Delft, the Netherlands
Axelle Viré
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629HS Delft, the Netherlands
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Shyam VimalKumar, Delphine De Tavernier, Dominic von Terzi, Marco Belloli, and Axelle Viré
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1967–1983, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1967-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1967-2024, 2024
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When standing still without a nacelle or blades, the vibrations on a wind turbine tower are of concern to its structural health. This study finds that the air which flows around the tower recirculates behind the tower, forming so-called wakes. These wakes initiate the vibration, and the movement itself causes the vibration to increase or decrease depending on the wind speed. The current study uses a methodology called force partitioning to analyse this in depth.
Federico Taruffi, Felipe Novais, and Axelle Viré
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 343–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-343-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-343-2024, 2024
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Floating wind turbines are subject to complex aerodynamics that are not yet fully understood. Lab-scale experiments are crucial for capturing these phenomena and validate numerical tools. This paper presents a new wind tunnel experimental setup able to study the response of a wind turbine rotor when subjected to prescribed motions in 6 degrees of freedom. The observed unsteady effects underscore the importance of pursuing research on the impact of floater motions on wind turbine performance.
Stefano Cioni, Francesco Papi, Leonardo Pagamonci, Alessandro Bianchini, Néstor Ramos-García, Georg Pirrung, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Ronan Boisard, Alessandro Fontanella, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Marco Belloli, Andrea Sanvito, Giacomo Persico, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Yarong Zhou, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Ricardo Amaral, Axelle Viré, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, David Marten, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Pau Trubat, Climent Molins, Roger Bergua, Emmanuel Branlard, Jason Jonkman, and Amy Robertson
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1659–1691, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, 2023
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Simulations of different fidelities made by the participants of the OC6 project Phase III are compared to wind tunnel wake measurements on a floating wind turbine. Results in the near wake confirm that simulations and experiments tend to diverge from the expected linearized quasi-steady behavior when the reduced frequency exceeds 0.5. In the far wake, the impact of platform motion is overestimated by simulations and even seems to be oriented to the generation of a wake less prone to dissipation.
Axelle Viré, Bruce LeBlanc, Julia Steiner, and Nando Timmer
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 573–584, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-573-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-573-2022, 2022
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There is continuous effort to try and improve the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine blades. This work shows that adding a leading-edge slat to wind turbine blades can significantly enhance the aerodynamic performance of wind turbines, even more than with vortex generators (which are commonly used on commercial turbines). The findings are obtained through wind tunnel tests on different airfoil–slat combinations.
Carlos Ferreira, Wei Yu, Arianna Sala, and Axelle Viré
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 469–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-469-2022, 2022
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Floating offshore wind turbines may experience large surge motions that, when faster than the local wind speed, cause rotor–wake interaction.
We derive a model which is able to predict the wind speed at the wind turbine, even for large and fast motions and load variations in the wind turbine.
The proposed dynamic inflow model includes an adaptation for highly loaded flow, and it is accurate and simple enough to be easily implemented in most blade element momentum design models.
Julia Steiner, Axelle Viré, Francesco Benetti, Nando Timmer, and Richard Dwight
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1075–1095, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1075-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1075-2020, 2020
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The manuscript deals with the aerodynamic design of slat elements for thick-base airfoils at high Reynolds numbers using integral boundary layer and computational fluid dynamics models. The results highlight aerodynamic benefits such as high stall angle, low roughness sensitivity, and higher aerodynamic efficiency than standard single-element configurations. However, this is accompanied by a steep drop in lift post-stall and potentially issues related to the structural design of the blade.
Axelle Viré, Adriaan Derksen, Mikko Folkersma, and Kumayl Sarwar
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 793–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-793-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-793-2020, 2020
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Vortex-induced vibrations are structural vibrations that can occur due to the shedding of flow vortices when a fluid flow passes around a structure. Here, conditions specific to wind turbine towers are investigated numerically. The work highlights a complex interplay between structural and fluid dynamics. In particular, certain conditions lead to a continuous alternation between self-exciting and self-limiting vortex-induced vibrations, linked to a change in the sign of the aerodynamic damping.
Related subject area
Thematic area: Materials and operation | Topic: Fatigue
Effect of scour on the fatigue life of offshore wind turbines and its prevention through passive structural control
Review of rolling contact fatigue life calculation for oscillating bearings and application-dependent recommendations for use
Data-driven surrogate model for wind turbine damage equivalent load
Quantifying the effect of low-frequency fatigue dynamics on offshore wind turbine foundations: a comparative study
Sensitivity analysis of the effect of wind and wake characteristics on wind turbine loads in a small wind farm
Probabilistic temporal extrapolation of fatigue damage of offshore wind turbine substructures based on strain measurements
Damage equivalent load synthesis and stochastic extrapolation for fatigue life validation
Yu Cao, Ningyu Wu, Jigang Yang, Chao Chen, Ronghua Zhu, and Xugang Hua
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1089–1104, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1089-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1089-2024, 2024
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This study investigates the offshore wind turbine support structure’s fatigue life by a rapid numerical model which considers the effects of scour and a tuned mass damper. An optimization technique is proposed to find the damper's optimal parameters, considering time-varying scour. It is found that the damper optimized by the proposed optimization technique performs better than an initially designed damper in terms of fatigue life enhancement.
Oliver Menck and Matthias Stammler
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 777–798, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-777-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-777-2024, 2024
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Oscillating bearings, like rotating bearings, can fail due to rolling contact fatigue. But the publications in the literature on this topic are difficult to understand. In order to help people decide which method to use, we have summarized the available literature. We also point out some errors and things to look out for to help engineers that want to calculate the rolling contact fatigue life of an oscillating bearing.
Rad Haghi and Curran Crawford
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-157, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-157, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
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The journal paper focuses on developing surrogate models for predicting the Damage Equivalent Load (DEL) on wind turbines without needing extensive aeroelastic simulations. The study emphasizes the development of a sequential machine-learning architecture for this purpose. The study also explores implementing simplified wake models and transfer learning to enhance the models' prediction capabilities in various wind conditions.
Negin Sadeghi, Pietro D'Antuono, Nymfa Noppe, Koen Robbelein, Wout Weijtjens, and Christof Devriendt
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1839–1852, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1839-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1839-2023, 2023
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Analysis of long-term fatigue damage of four offshore wind turbines using 3 years of measurement data was performed for the first time to gain insight into the low-frequency fatigue damage (LFFD) impact on overall consumed life. The LFFD factor depends on the (linear) stress–life (SN) curve slope, heading, site, signal, and turbine type. Up to ∼ 65 % of the total damage can be related to LFFDs. Therefore, in this case study, the LFFD effect has a significant impact on the final damage.
Kelsey Shaler, Amy N. Robertson, and Jason Jonkman
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 25–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-25-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-25-2023, 2023
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This work evaluates which wind-inflow- and wake-related parameters have the greatest influence on fatigue and ultimate loads for turbines in a small wind farm. Twenty-eight parameters were screened using an elementary effects approach to identify the parameters that lead to the largest variation in these loads of each turbine. The findings show the increased importance of non-streamwise wind components and wake parameters in fatigue and ultimate load sensitivity of downstream turbines.
Clemens Hübler and Raimund Rolfes
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1919–1940, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1919-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1919-2022, 2022
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Offshore wind turbines are beginning to reach their design lifetimes. Hence, lifetime extensions are becoming relevant. To make well-founded decisions on possible lifetime extensions, fatigue damage predictions are required. Measurement-based assessments instead of simulation-based analyses have rarely been conducted so far, since data are limited. Therefore, this work focuses on the temporal extrapolation of measurement data. It is shown that fatigue damage can be extrapolated accurately.
Anand Natarajan
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1171–1181, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1171-2022, 2022
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The article delineates a novel procedure to use 10 min measurement statistics with few known parameters of the wind turbine to determine the long-term fatigue damage probability and compare this with the expected damage levels from the design to provide an indicator of structural reliability and remaining life. The results are validated with load measurements from a wind turbine within an offshore wind farm.
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Short summary
The selection of a suitable site for the installation of a wind turbine plays an important role in ensuring a safe operating lifetime of the structure. In this study, we show that mixture density networks can accelerate this process by inferring functions from data that can accurately map the environmental conditions to the loads but also propagate the uncertainty from the inflow to the response.
The selection of a suitable site for the installation of a wind turbine plays an important role...
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