Articles | Volume 2, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-653-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-653-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Dec 2017
Research article |
| 19 Dec 2017
Effects of defects in composite wind turbine blades – Part 2: Progressive damage modeling of fiberglass-reinforced epoxy composites with manufacturing-induced waves
SUNY New Paltz, Division of Engineering Programs, New Paltz, NY, USA
Trey W. Riddle
Sunstrand, LLC, Louisville, KY, USA
Douglas S. Cairns
Montana State University, Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, Bozeman, MT, USA
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Trey W. Riddle, Jared W. Nelson, and Douglas S. Cairns
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 107–120, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-107-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-107-2018, 2018
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The Department of Energy sponsored, Sandia National Laboratory led Blade Reliability Collaborative was formed to address wind turbine blade reliability. Utilizing the results of characterization and mechanical testing studies, probabilistic models were developed to assess the reliability of a wind blade with known defects. By treating defects as random variables, the results indicate that characterization of defects and reduction of design uncertainty is possible for wind turbine blades.
Jared W. Nelson, Trey W. Riddle, and Douglas S. Cairns
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 641–652, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-641-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-641-2017, 2017
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Given the rapid growth and large scale of wind turbines, it is important that wind farms achieve maximum availability by reducing downtime due to maintenance and failures. The Blade Reliability Collaborative, led by Sandia National Laboratories and sponsored by the US DOE, was formed to address this issue. A comprehensive study to characterize and understand the manufacturing flaws common in blades, and their impact on blade life, was performed by measuring and testing commonly included defects.
Jake D. Nunemaker, Michael M. Voth, David A. Miller, Daniel D. Samborsky, Paul Murdy, and Douglas S. Cairns
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 427–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-427-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-427-2018, 2018
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This paper presents an experimental investigation of the tensile strength of fiberglass–epoxy composites before and after water saturation. The strengths of [0], [90], and [0/90] layups all show a drop in tensile strength. However, investigation of the data, damaged coupons, and acoustic emission events illustrates a change in the mechanism governing final failure between the dry and saturated coupons. This illustrates the complexity of strength prediction of multiple layups after saturation.
Trey W. Riddle, Jared W. Nelson, and Douglas S. Cairns
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 107–120, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-107-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-107-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Department of Energy sponsored, Sandia National Laboratory led Blade Reliability Collaborative was formed to address wind turbine blade reliability. Utilizing the results of characterization and mechanical testing studies, probabilistic models were developed to assess the reliability of a wind blade with known defects. By treating defects as random variables, the results indicate that characterization of defects and reduction of design uncertainty is possible for wind turbine blades.
Jared W. Nelson, Trey W. Riddle, and Douglas S. Cairns
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 641–652, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-641-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-641-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Given the rapid growth and large scale of wind turbines, it is important that wind farms achieve maximum availability by reducing downtime due to maintenance and failures. The Blade Reliability Collaborative, led by Sandia National Laboratories and sponsored by the US DOE, was formed to address this issue. A comprehensive study to characterize and understand the manufacturing flaws common in blades, and their impact on blade life, was performed by measuring and testing commonly included defects.
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Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2351–2371, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2351-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2351-2022, 2022
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The article presents a framework to obtain the linear and nonlinear equations of motion of a multibody system including rigid and flexible bodies. The method yields compact symbolic equations of motion. The applications are many, such as time-domain simulation, stability analyses, frequency domain analyses, advanced controller design, state observers, and digital twins.
Edward Hart, Elisha de Mello, and Rob Dwyer-Joyce
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1021–1042, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1021-2022, 2022
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Masaru Kitahara and Takeshi Ishihara
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1007–1020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1007-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1007-2022, 2022
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The seismic soil–structure interaction of wind turbine support structures is investigated. Wind turbine support structures are modelled as a non-classically damped system, and its seismic loadings are analytically derived by the response spectrum method. To improve the prediction accuracy of the shear force on the footing, a threshold for the allowable modal damping ratio is proposed. The proposed method is capable of effectively estimating seismic loadings on the tower and footing.
Pablo Noever-Castelos, David Melcher, and Claudio Balzani
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 623–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-623-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-623-2022, 2022
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Pablo Noever-Castelos, Bernd Haller, and Claudio Balzani
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 105–127, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-105-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-105-2022, 2022
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Peyman Amirafshari, Feargal Brennan, and Athanasios Kolios
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 677–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-677-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-677-2021, 2021
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One particular problem with structures operating in seas is the so-called fatigue phenomenon. Cyclic loads imposed by waves and winds can cause structural failure after a number of cycles. Traditional methods have some limitations.
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Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 15–31, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-15-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-15-2021, 2021
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William Finnegan, Priya Dasan Keeryadath, Rónán Ó Coistealbha, Tomas Flanagan, Michael Flanagan, and Jamie Goggins
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1567–1577, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1567-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1567-2020, 2020
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Can Muyan and Demirkan Coker
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Sven Störtenbecker, Peter Dalhoff, Mukunda Tamang, and Rudolf Anselm
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1121–1128, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1121-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1121-2020, 2020
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Giovanni Migliaccio, Giuseppe Ruta, Stefano Bennati, and Riccardo Barsotti
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 685–698, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-685-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-685-2020, 2020
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David Melcher, Moritz Bätge, and Sebastian Neßlinger
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 675–684, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-675-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-675-2020, 2020
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When a new rotor blade is designed, a prototype needs to be qualified by testing in two separate directions before it can be used in the field. These tests are time-consuming and expensive. Combining these two tests into one by applying loads in two directions simultaneously is a possible method to reduce time and costs. This paper presents a new computational method, which is capable of designing these complex tests and shows exemplarily that the combined test is faster than traditional tests.
Ozan Gözcü and David R. Verelst
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 503–517, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-503-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-503-2020, 2020
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Geometrically nonlinear blade modeling effects on the turbine loads and computation time are investigated in an aero-elastic code based on multibody formulation. A large number of fatigue load cases are used in the study. The results show that the nonlinearities become prominent for large and flexible blades. It is possible to run nonlinear models without significant increase in computational time compared to the linear model by changing the matrix solver type from dense to sparse.
Edward Hart, Benjamin Clarke, Gary Nicholas, Abbas Kazemi Amiri, James Stirling, James Carroll, Rob Dwyer-Joyce, Alasdair McDonald, and Hui Long
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 105–124, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-105-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-105-2020, 2020
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This paper presents a review of existing theory and practice relating to main bearings for wind turbines. Topics covered include wind conditions and resulting rotor loads, main-bearing models, damage mechanisms and fault detection procedures.
Evgueni Stanoev and Sudhanva Kusuma Chandrashekhara
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 57–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-57-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-57-2019, 2019
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In the frame of a multi-body simulation of a wind turbine, the lowest rotor blade eigenmodes are used to describe their elastic deformations. In this paper, a finite Timoshenko beam element is proposed based on the transfer matrix method. The element stiffness and mass matrices are derived by numerical integration of the differential equations of motion. A numerical example with generic rotor blade data demonstrates the performance of the method in comparison with FAST/ADAMS software results.
Dominik Traphan, Iván Herráez, Peter Meinlschmidt, Friedrich Schlüter, Joachim Peinke, and Gerd Gülker
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 639–650, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-639-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-639-2018, 2018
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Wind turbines are exposed to harsh weather, leading to surface defects on rotor blades emerging from the first day of operation. Defects
grow quickly and affect the performance of wind turbines. Thus, there is demand for an easily applicable remote-inspection method that is sensitive to small
surface defects. In this work we show that infrared thermography can meet these requirements by visualizing differences in the surface temperature
of the rotor blades downstream of surface defects.
Jake D. Nunemaker, Michael M. Voth, David A. Miller, Daniel D. Samborsky, Paul Murdy, and Douglas S. Cairns
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 427–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-427-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-427-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents an experimental investigation of the tensile strength of fiberglass–epoxy composites before and after water saturation. The strengths of [0], [90], and [0/90] layups all show a drop in tensile strength. However, investigation of the data, damaged coupons, and acoustic emission events illustrates a change in the mechanism governing final failure between the dry and saturated coupons. This illustrates the complexity of strength prediction of multiple layups after saturation.
Malo Rosemeier, Gregor Basters, and Alexandros Antoniou
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 163–172, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-163-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-163-2018, 2018
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This research was conducted with the help of computer models to give argumentation on how the reliability of wind turbine rotor blade structures can be increased using subcomponent testing (SCT) as a supplement to full-scale blade testing (FST). It was found that the use of SCT can significantly reduce the testing time compared to FST while replicating more realistic loading conditions for an outboard blade segment as it occurs in the field.
Matthias Stammler, Fabian Schwack, Norbert Bader, Andreas Reuter, and Gerhard Poll
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 97–105, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-97-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-97-2018, 2018
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Modern wind turbines all share the ability to turn (pitch) the blades around their main axis. By pitching the blades, the aerodynamic forces created by the blades are controlled. Rolling bearings, consisting of two steel rings and balls that roll on raceways between them, are used to allow pitching. To design pitch drives, it is necessary to know the losses within the bearings. This article describes how such losses have been measured and compares them with calculation models.
Jared W. Nelson, Trey W. Riddle, and Douglas S. Cairns
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 641–652, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-641-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-641-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Given the rapid growth and large scale of wind turbines, it is important that wind farms achieve maximum availability by reducing downtime due to maintenance and failures. The Blade Reliability Collaborative, led by Sandia National Laboratories and sponsored by the US DOE, was formed to address this issue. A comprehensive study to characterize and understand the manufacturing flaws common in blades, and their impact on blade life, was performed by measuring and testing commonly included defects.
Morten Hartvig Hansen
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 271–296, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-271-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-271-2016, 2016
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The modal dynamics of wind turbines are the fingerprints of their responses under the stochastic excitation from the wind field. Commercial wind turbines have typically three-bladed rotors, and their modal dynamics are well understood. Two-bladed turbines are still commercially less successful, and this work also shows that their modal dynamics are significantly more complex than that of turbines with three or more blades.
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Short summary
The Blade Reliability Collaborative was formed to address wind turbine blade reliability. To better understand and predict these effects, various progressive damage modeling approaches, built upon the characterization previously addressed, were investigated. The results indicate that a combined continuum–discrete approach provides insight into reliability with known defects when used in conjunction with a probabilistic flaw framework.
The Blade Reliability Collaborative was formed to address wind turbine blade reliability. To...
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