Articles | Volume 8, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-947-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-947-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Jun 2023
Research article |
| 07 Jun 2023
| 07 Jun 2023
Grand challenges in the digitalisation of wind energy
Andrew Clifton
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Stuttgart Wind Energy at the Institute of Aircraft Design, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
now at: enviConnect, TTI GmbH, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Sarah Barber
Institute for Energy Technology, Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, Oberseestrasse 10, 8640 Rapperswil, Switzerland
Andrew Bray
MXV Ventures, Oakland, California, USA
now at: Aurora Energy Research, Oakland, California, USA
Peter Enevoldsen
Centre for Energy Technologies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Jason Fields
National Wind Technology Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
Anna Maria Sempreviva
Department of Wind Energy, DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Lindy Williams
Computational Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
Julian Quick
The Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
now at: Department of Wind Energy and Energy Systems, DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Mike Purdue
NRG Sytems, Hinesburg, VT, USA
Philip Totaro
IntelStor LLC, Houston, TX, USA
Yu Ding
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Paul Veers, Katherine Dykes, Sukanta Basu, Alessandro Bianchini, Andrew Clifton, Peter Green, Hannele Holttinen, Lena Kitzing, Branko Kosovic, Julie K. Lundquist, Johan Meyers, Mark O'Malley, William J. Shaw, and Bethany Straw
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2491–2496, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022, 2022
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Wind energy will play a central role in the transition of our energy system to a carbon-free future. However, many underlying scientific issues remain to be resolved before wind can be deployed in the locations and applications needed for such large-scale ambitions. The Grand Challenges are the gaps in the science left behind during the rapid growth of wind energy. This article explains the breadth of the unfinished business and introduces 10 articles that detail the research needs.
Andrew Clifton, Sarah Barber, Alexander Stökl, Helmut Frank, and Timo Karlsson
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2231–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2231-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2231-2022, 2022
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The transition to low-carbon sources of energy means that wind turbines will need to be built in hilly or mountainous regions or in places affected by icing. These locations are called
complexand are hard to develop. This paper sets out the research and development (R&D) needed to make it easier and cheaper to harness wind energy there. This includes collaborative R&D facilities, improved wind and weather models, frameworks for sharing data, and a clear definition of site complexity.
Vasilis Pettas, Matthias Kretschmer, Andrew Clifton, and Po Wen Cheng
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 1455–1472, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1455-2021, 2021
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This study aims to quantify the effect of inter-farm interactions based on long-term measurement data from the Alpha Ventus (AV) wind farm and the nearby FINO1 platform. AV was initially the only operating farm in the area, but in subsequent years several farms were built around it. This setup allows us to quantify the farm wake effects on the microclimate of AV and also on turbine loads and operational characteristics depending on the distance and size of the neighboring farms.
Joseph C. Y. Lee, Peter Stuart, Andrew Clifton, M. Jason Fields, Jordan Perr-Sauer, Lindy Williams, Lee Cameron, Taylor Geer, and Paul Housley
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 199–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-199-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-199-2020, 2020
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This work summarizes the results of the intelligence-sharing initiative of the Power Curve Working Group. Participants in this share exercise applied a handful of selected power curve modeling correction methods on their power performance test data, and they submitted the results for the coauthors to analyze. In this paper, we describe the share exercise, explain the analysis methodologies, and perform statistical tests to evaluate the correction methods in various inflow conditions.
Clara M. St. Martin, Julie K. Lundquist, Andrew Clifton, Gregory S. Poulos, and Scott J. Schreck
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 295–306, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-295-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-295-2017, 2017
Short summary
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We use upwind and nacelle-based measurements from a wind turbine and investigate the influence of atmospheric stability and turbulence regimes on nacelle transfer functions (NTFs) used to correct nacelle-mounted anemometer measurements. This work shows that correcting nacelle winds using NTFs results in similar energy production estimates to those obtained using upwind tower-based wind speeds. Further, stability and turbulence metrics have been found to have an effect on NTFs below rated speed.
Jennifer F. Newman and Andrew Clifton
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 77–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-77-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-77-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Remote-sensing devices such as lidars are often used for wind energy studies. Lidars measure mean wind speeds accurately but measure different values of turbulence than an instrument on a tower. In this paper, a model is described that improves lidar turbulence estimates. The model can be applied to commercially available lidars in real time or post-processing. Results indicate that the model performs well under most atmospheric conditions but retains some errors under daytime conditions.
Clara M. St. Martin, Julie K. Lundquist, Andrew Clifton, Gregory S. Poulos, and Scott J. Schreck
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 221–236, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-221-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-221-2016, 2016
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We use turbine nacelle-based measurements and measurements from an upwind tower to calculate wind turbine power curves and predict the production of energy. We explore how different atmospheric parameters impact these power curves and energy production estimates. Results show statistically significant differences between power curves and production estimates calculated with turbulence and stability filters, and we suggest implementing an additional step in analyzing power performance data.
J. K. Lundquist, M. J. Churchfield, S. Lee, and A. Clifton
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 907–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-907-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-907-2015, 2015
Short summary
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Wind-profiling lidars are now regularly used in boundary-layer meteorology and in applications like wind energy, but their use often relies on assuming homogeneity in the wind. Using numerical simulations of stable flow past a wind turbine, we quantify the error expected because of the inhomogeneity of the flow. Large errors (30%) in winds are found near the wind turbine, but by three rotor diameters downwind, errors in the horizontal components have decreased to 15% of the inflow.
Philip Imanuel Franz, Imad Abdallah, Gregory Duthé, Julien Deparday, Ali Jafarabadi, Alexander Popp, Sarah Barber, and Eleni Chatzi
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-26, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-26, 2025
Preprint under review for WES
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New designs of large wind turbine blades have become increasingly flexible, and thus need cost-efficient monitoring solutions. Hence, we investigate if aerodynamic pressure measurements from a low-cost sensing system can be used to detect structural damage. Our research is based on a wind tunnel study, emulating a simplified wind turbine blade under various conditions. We show that using a convolutional neural network-based method, structural damage can indeed be detected and its severity rated.
Yuriy Marykovskiy, Thomas Clark, Justin Day, Marcus Wiens, Charles Henderson, Julian Quick, Imad Abdallah, Anna Maria Sempreviva, Jean-Paul Calbimonte, Eleni Chatzi, and Sarah Barber
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 883–917, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-883-2024, 2024
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This paper delves into the crucial task of transforming raw data into actionable knowledge which can be used by advanced artificial intelligence systems – a challenge that spans various domains, industries, and scientific fields amid their digital transformation journey. This article underscores the significance of cross-industry collaboration and learning, drawing insights from sectors leading in digitalisation, and provides strategic guidance for further development in this area.
Florian Hammer, Sarah Barber, Sebastian Remmler, Federico Bernardoni, Kartik Venkatraman, Gustavo A. Díez Sánchez, Alain Schubiger, Trond-Ola Hågbo, Sophia Buckingham, and Knut Erik Giljarhus
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-114, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-114, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
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We further enhanced a knowledge base for choosing the most optimal wind resource assessment tool. For this, we compared different simulation tools for the Perdigão site in Portugal, in terms of accuracy and costs. In total five different simulation tools were compared. We found that with a high degree of automatisation and a high experience level of the modeller a cost effective and accurate prediction based on RANS could be achieved. LES simulations are still mainly reserved for academia.
Paul Veers, Katherine Dykes, Sukanta Basu, Alessandro Bianchini, Andrew Clifton, Peter Green, Hannele Holttinen, Lena Kitzing, Branko Kosovic, Julie K. Lundquist, Johan Meyers, Mark O'Malley, William J. Shaw, and Bethany Straw
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2491–2496, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wind energy will play a central role in the transition of our energy system to a carbon-free future. However, many underlying scientific issues remain to be resolved before wind can be deployed in the locations and applications needed for such large-scale ambitions. The Grand Challenges are the gaps in the science left behind during the rapid growth of wind energy. This article explains the breadth of the unfinished business and introduces 10 articles that detail the research needs.
Andrew Clifton, Sarah Barber, Alexander Stökl, Helmut Frank, and Timo Karlsson
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2231–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2231-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2231-2022, 2022
Short summary
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The transition to low-carbon sources of energy means that wind turbines will need to be built in hilly or mountainous regions or in places affected by icing. These locations are called
complexand are hard to develop. This paper sets out the research and development (R&D) needed to make it easier and cheaper to harness wind energy there. This includes collaborative R&D facilities, improved wind and weather models, frameworks for sharing data, and a clear definition of site complexity.
Julian Quick, Ryan N. King, Garrett Barter, and Peter E. Hamlington
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1941–1955, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1941-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1941-2022, 2022
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Wake steering is an emerging wind power plant control strategy where upstream turbines are intentionally yawed out of alignment with the incoming wind, thereby steering wakes away from downstream turbines. Trade-offs between the gains in power production and fatigue loads induced by this control strategy are the subject of continuing investigation. In this study, we present an optimization approach for efficiently exploring the trade-offs between power and loading during wake steering.
Gianluca De Fezza and Sarah Barber
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1627–1640, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1627-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1627-2022, 2022
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As part of a master's thesis, this study analysed the aerodynamic performance of a multi-element airfoil using numerical flow simulations. The results show that these types of airfoil are very suitable for an upcoming wind energy generation concept. The parametric study of the wing led to a significant improvement of up to 46.6 % compared to the baseline design. The increased power output of the energy generation concept contributes substantially to today's energy transition.
Sarah Barber, Alain Schubiger, Sara Koller, Dominik Eggli, Alexander Radi, Andreas Rumpf, and Hermann Knaus
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1503–1525, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1503-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1503-2022, 2022
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In this work, a range of simulations are carried out with seven different wind modelling tools at five different complex terrain sites and the results compared to wind speed measurements at validation locations. This is then extended to annual energy production (AEP) estimations (without wake effects), showing that wind profile prediction accuracy does not translate directly or linearly to AEP accuracy. It is therefore vital to consider overall AEP when evaluating simulation accuracies.
Sarah Barber, Julien Deparday, Yuriy Marykovskiy, Eleni Chatzi, Imad Abdallah, Gregory Duthé, Michele Magno, Tommaso Polonelli, Raphael Fischer, and Hanna Müller
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1383–1398, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1383-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1383-2022, 2022
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Aerodynamic and acoustic field measurements on operating large-scale wind turbines are key for the further reduction in the costs of wind energy. In this work, a novel cost-effective MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems)-based aerodynamic and acoustic wireless measurement system that is thin, non-intrusive, easy to install, low power and self-sustaining is designed and tested.
Vasilis Pettas, Matthias Kretschmer, Andrew Clifton, and Po Wen Cheng
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 1455–1472, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1455-2021, 2021
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This study aims to quantify the effect of inter-farm interactions based on long-term measurement data from the Alpha Ventus (AV) wind farm and the nearby FINO1 platform. AV was initially the only operating farm in the area, but in subsequent years several farms were built around it. This setup allows us to quantify the farm wake effects on the microclimate of AV and also on turbine loads and operational characteristics depending on the distance and size of the neighboring farms.
Joseph C. Y. Lee and M. Jason Fields
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 311–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-311-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-311-2021, 2021
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This review paper evaluates the energy prediction bias in the wind resource assessment process, and the overprediction bias is decreasing over time. We examine the estimated and observed losses and uncertainties in energy production from the literature, according to the proposed framework in the International Electrotechnical Commission 61400-15 standard. The considerable uncertainties call for further improvements in the prediction methodologies and more observations for validation.
Alain Schubiger, Sarah Barber, and Henrik Nordborg
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1507–1519, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1507-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1507-2020, 2020
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A large-eddy simulation using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) Palabos framework was implemented to calculate the wind field over the complex terrain of Bolund Hill. The results were compared to Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and detached-eddy simulation (DES) using Ansys Fluent and field measurements. A comparison of the three methods' computational costs has shown that the LBM, even though not yet fully optimised, can perform 5 times faster than DES and lead to reasonably accurate results.
Julian Quick, Jennifer King, Ryan N. King, Peter E. Hamlington, and Katherine Dykes
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 413–426, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-413-2020, 2020
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We investigate the trade-offs in optimization of wake steering strategies, where upstream turbines are positioned to deflect wakes away from downstream turbines, with a probabilistic perspective. We identify inputs that are sensitive to uncertainty and demonstrate a realistic optimization under uncertainty for a wind power plant control strategy. Designing explicitly around uncertainty yielded control strategies that were generally less aggressive and more robust to the uncertain input.
Joseph C. Y. Lee, Peter Stuart, Andrew Clifton, M. Jason Fields, Jordan Perr-Sauer, Lindy Williams, Lee Cameron, Taylor Geer, and Paul Housley
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 199–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-199-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-199-2020, 2020
Short summary
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This work summarizes the results of the intelligence-sharing initiative of the Power Curve Working Group. Participants in this share exercise applied a handful of selected power curve modeling correction methods on their power performance test data, and they submitted the results for the coauthors to analyze. In this paper, we describe the share exercise, explain the analysis methodologies, and perform statistical tests to evaluate the correction methods in various inflow conditions.
Sarah Barber, Alain Schubiger, Natalie Wagenbrenner, Nicolas Fatras, and Henrik Nordborg
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2019-95, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2019-95, 2020
Publication in WES not foreseen
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A new method for helping wind modellers choose the most cost-effective model for a given project is developed by applying six different Computational Fluid Dynamics tools to simulate the Bolund Hill experiment and studying appropriate comparison metrics in detail. The results show that this new method is successful, and that it is generally possible to apply it in order to choose the most appropriate model for a given project in advance.
Sarah Barber, Simon Boller, and Henrik Nordborg
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2019-97, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2019-97, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
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The growing worldwide level of renewable power generation requires innovative solutions to maintain grid reliability and stability. In this work, twelve sites in Switzerland are chosen for a 100 % renewable energy microgrid feasibility study. For all of these sites, a combination of wind and PV performs consistently better than wind only and PV only. Five of the sites are found to be potentially economically viable, if investors would be prepared to make extra investments of 0.05–0.2 $/kWh.
Mike Optis, Jordan Perr-Sauer, Caleb Philips, Anna E. Craig, Joseph C. Y. Lee, Travis Kemper, Shuangwen Sheng, Eric Simley, Lindy Williams, Monte Lunacek, John Meissner, and M. Jason Fields
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2019-12, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2019-12, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
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As global wind capacity continues to grow, the need for accurate operational analyses of a rapidly growing fleet of wind power plants has increased in proportion. To address this need, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory has released OpenOA, an open-source codebase for operational analysis of wind farms. It is envisioned that OpenOA will evolve into a widely used codebase supported by a large group of global wind energy experts. This paper provides a summary of OpenOA.
Joseph C. Y. Lee, M. Jason Fields, and Julie K. Lundquist
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 845–868, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-845-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-845-2018, 2018
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To find the ideal way to quantify long-term wind-speed variability, we compare 27 metrics using 37 years of wind and energy data. We conclude that the robust coefficient of variation can effectively assess and correlate wind-speed and energy-production variabilities. We derive adequate results via monthly mean data, whereas uncertainty arises in interannual variability calculations. We find that reliable estimates of wind-speed variability require 10 ± 3 years of monthly mean wind data.
Rogier Floors, Peter Enevoldsen, Neil Davis, Johan Arnqvist, and Ebba Dellwik
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 353–370, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-353-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-353-2018, 2018
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Applying erroneous boundary conditions (surface roughness) for wind flow modelling can have a large impact on the estimated performance of wind turbines, particularly in forested areas. Traditionally the estimation of the surface roughness is based on a subjective process that requires assigning a value to each land use class in the vicinity of the wind farm. Here we propose a new method which converts lidar scans from a plane into maps that can be used for wind flow modelling.
Clara M. St. Martin, Julie K. Lundquist, Andrew Clifton, Gregory S. Poulos, and Scott J. Schreck
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 295–306, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-295-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-295-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We use upwind and nacelle-based measurements from a wind turbine and investigate the influence of atmospheric stability and turbulence regimes on nacelle transfer functions (NTFs) used to correct nacelle-mounted anemometer measurements. This work shows that correcting nacelle winds using NTFs results in similar energy production estimates to those obtained using upwind tower-based wind speeds. Further, stability and turbulence metrics have been found to have an effect on NTFs below rated speed.
Bjarke T. Olsen, Andrea N. Hahmann, Anna Maria Sempreviva, Jake Badger, and Hans E. Jørgensen
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 211–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-211-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-211-2017, 2017
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Understanding uncertainties in wind resource assessment associated with the use of the output from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is important for wind energy applications. A better understanding of the sources of error reduces risk and lowers costs. Here, an intercomparison of the output from 25 NWP models is presented. The study shows that model errors are larger and agreement between models smaller at inland sites and near the surface.
Jennifer F. Newman and Andrew Clifton
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 77–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-77-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-77-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Remote-sensing devices such as lidars are often used for wind energy studies. Lidars measure mean wind speeds accurately but measure different values of turbulence than an instrument on a tower. In this paper, a model is described that improves lidar turbulence estimates. The model can be applied to commercially available lidars in real time or post-processing. Results indicate that the model performs well under most atmospheric conditions but retains some errors under daytime conditions.
Clara M. St. Martin, Julie K. Lundquist, Andrew Clifton, Gregory S. Poulos, and Scott J. Schreck
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 221–236, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-221-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-221-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We use turbine nacelle-based measurements and measurements from an upwind tower to calculate wind turbine power curves and predict the production of energy. We explore how different atmospheric parameters impact these power curves and energy production estimates. Results show statistically significant differences between power curves and production estimates calculated with turbulence and stability filters, and we suggest implementing an additional step in analyzing power performance data.
L. Tiriolo, R. C. Torcasio, S. Montesanti, A. M. Sempreviva, C. R. Calidonna, C. Transerici, and S. Federico
Adv. Sci. Res., 12, 37–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-12-37-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-12-37-2015, 2015
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We show a study of the prediction of power production of a wind farm located in Central Italy using RAMS model for wind speed forecast.
J. K. Lundquist, M. J. Churchfield, S. Lee, and A. Clifton
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 907–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-907-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-907-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Wind-profiling lidars are now regularly used in boundary-layer meteorology and in applications like wind energy, but their use often relies on assuming homogeneity in the wind. Using numerical simulations of stable flow past a wind turbine, we quantify the error expected because of the inhomogeneity of the flow. Large errors (30%) in winds are found near the wind turbine, but by three rotor diameters downwind, errors in the horizontal components have decreased to 15% of the inflow.
I. M. Mazzitelli, M. Cassol, M. M. Miglietta, U. Rizza, A. M. Sempreviva, and A. S. Lanotte
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 21, 489–501, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-489-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-21-489-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Thematic area: Materials and operation | Topic: Operation and maintenance, condition monitoring, reliability
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Operation and maintenance cost comparison between 15 MW direct-drive and medium-speed offshore wind turbines
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Active trailing edge flap system fault detection via machine learning
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Wind turbine main-bearing lubrication – Part 2: Simulation-based results for a double-row spherical roller main bearing in a 1.5 MW wind turbine
Reduction of wind-turbine-generated seismic noise with structural measures
Very low frequency IEPE accelerometer calibration and application to a wind energy structure
Sabrina Milani, Jessica Leoni, Stefano Cacciola, Alessandro Croce, and Mara Tanelli
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 497–510, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-497-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-497-2025, 2025
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In this paper, we propose a novel machine-learning framework for pitch misalignment detection in wind turbines. Using a minimal set of standard sensors, our method detects misalignments as small as 0.1° and localizes the affected blades. It combines signal processing with a hierarchical classification structure and linear regression for precise severity quantification. Evaluation results validate the approach, showing notable accuracy in misalignment classification, regression, and localization.
Felix C. Mehlan and Amir R. Nejad
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 417–433, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-417-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-417-2025, 2025
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A digital twin is a virtual representation that mirrors the wind turbine's real behavior through simulation models and sensor measurements and can assist in making key decisions such as planning the replacement of parts. These models and measurements are, of course, not perfect and only give an incomplete picture of the real behavior. This study investigates how large the uncertainty of such models and measurements is and to what extent it affects the decision-making process.
Moritz Gräfe, Vasilis Pettas, Nikolay Dimitrov, and Po Wen Cheng
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 2175–2193, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2175-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2175-2024, 2024
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This study explores a methodology using floater motion and nacelle-based lidar wind speed measurements to estimate the tension and damage equivalent loads (DELs) on floating offshore wind turbines' mooring lines. Results indicate that fairlead tension time series and DELs can be accurately estimated from floater motion time series. Using lidar measurements as model inputs for DEL predictions leads to similar accuracies as using displacement measurements of the floater.
Ali Dibaj, Mostafa Valavi, and Amir R. Nejad
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 2063–2086, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2063-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2063-2024, 2024
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This study emphasizes the need for effective condition monitoring in permanent magnet offshore wind generators to tackle issues like demagnetization and eccentricity. Utilizing a machine learning model and high-resolution measurements, we explore methods of early fault detection. Our findings indicate that flux monitoring with affordable, easy-to-install stray flux sensors with frequency information offers a promising fault detection strategy for large megawatt-scale offshore wind generators.
Tahir H. Malik and Christian Bak
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 2017–2037, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2017-2024, 2024
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We explore the effect of blade modifications on offshore wind turbines' performance through a detailed analysis of 12 turbines over 12 years. Introducing the turbine performance integral method, which utilises time-series decomposition that combines various data sources, we uncover how blade wear, repairs and software updates impact efficiency. The findings offer valuable insights into improving wind turbine operations, contributing to the enhancement of renewable energy technologies.
Orla Donnelly, Fraser Anderson, and James Carroll
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1345–1362, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1345-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1345-2024, 2024
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We collate the latest reliability data in operations and maintenance (O&M) for offshore wind turbines, specifically large turbines of 15 MW. We use these data to model O&M of an offshore wind farm at three different sites. We compare two industry-dominant drivetrain configurations in terms of O&M cost for 15 MW turbines and determine if previous results for smaller turbines still hold true. Comparisons between drivetrains are topical within industry, and we produce cost comparisons for them.
Shadan Mozafari, Paul Veers, Jennifer Rinker, and Katherine Dykes
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 799–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-799-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-799-2024, 2024
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Turbulence is one of the main drivers of fatigue in wind turbines. There is some debate on how to model the turbulence in normal wind conditions in the design phase. To address such debates, we study the fatigue load distribution and reliability following different models of the International Electrotechnical Commission 61400-1 standard. The results show the lesser importance of load uncertainty due to turbulence distribution compared to the uncertainty of material resistance and Miner’s rule.
Andrea Gamberini and Imad Abdallah
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 181–201, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-181-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-181-2024, 2024
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Active trailing edge flaps can potentially reduce wind turbine (WT) loads. To monitor their performance, we present two methods based on machine learning that identify flap health states, including degraded performance, in normal power production and idling condition. Both methods rely only on sensors commonly available on WTs. One approach properly detects all the flap states if a fault occurs on only one blade. The other approach can identify two specific flap states in all fault scenarios.
Xavier Chesterman, Timothy Verstraeten, Pieter-Jan Daems, Ann Nowé, and Jan Helsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 893–924, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-893-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-893-2023, 2023
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This paper reviews and implements several techniques that can be used for condition monitoring and failure prediction for wind turbines using SCADA data. The focus lies on techniques that respond to requirements of the industry, e.g., robustness, transparency, computational efficiency, and maintainability. The end result of this research is a pipeline that can accurately detect three types of failures, i.e., generator bearing failures, generator fan failures, and generator stator failures.
Paula Helming, Alex Intemann, Klaus-Peter Webersinke, Axel von Freyberg, Michael Sorg, and Andreas Fischer
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 421–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-421-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-421-2023, 2023
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Using renewable energy such as wind energy is vital. To optimize the energy yield from wind turbines, they have increased in size, leading to large blade deformations. This paper measures these deformations for different wind loads and the distance between the blade and the tower from 170 m away from the wind turbine. The paper proves that the blade deformation increases in the wind direction with increasing wind speed, while the distance between the blade and the tower decreases.
Jens Visbech, Tuhfe Göçmen, Charlotte Bay Hasager, Hristo Shkalov, Morten Handberg, and Kristian Pagh Nielsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 173–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-173-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-173-2023, 2023
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This paper presents a data-driven framework for modeling erosion damage based on real blade inspections and mesoscale weather data. The outcome of the framework is a machine-learning-based model that can predict and/or forecast leading-edge erosion damage based on weather data and user-specified wind turbine characteristics. The model output fits directly into the damage terminology used by the industry and can therefore support site-specific maintenance planning and scheduling of repairs.
Innes Murdo Black, Moritz Werther Häckell, and Athanasios Kolios
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-93, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-93, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
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Population based structural health monitoring is a low-cost monitoring campaign. The cost reduction from this type of digital enabled asset management tool is manifested by sharing information, in this case a wind farm foundation, within the population. By sharing the information in the wind farm this reduces the amount of sensors and physical model updating, reducing the cost of the monitoring campaign.
Edward Hart, Elisha de Mello, and Rob Dwyer-Joyce
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1533–1550, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1533-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1533-2022, 2022
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This paper is the second in a two-part study on lubrication in wind turbine main bearings. Investigations are conducted concerning lubrication in the double-row spherical roller main bearing of a 1.5 MW wind turbine. This includes effects relating to temperature, starvation, grease-thickener interactions and possible non-steady EHL effects. Results predict that the modelled main bearing would be expected to operate under mixed lubrication conditions for a non-negligible proportion of its life.
Rafael Abreu, Daniel Peter, and Christine Thomas
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1227–1239, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1227-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1227-2022, 2022
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In order to find consensus between wind energy producers and seismologists, we study the possibility of reducing wind turbine noise recorded at seismological stations. We find that drilling half-circular holes in front of the wind turbines helps to reduce the seismic noise. We also study the influence of topographic effects on seismic noise reduction.
Clemens Jonscher, Benedikt Hofmeister, Tanja Grießmann, and Raimund Rolfes
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1053–1067, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1053-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1053-2022, 2022
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This work presents a method to use low-noise IEPE sensors in the low-frequency range down to 0.05 Hz. In order to achieve phase and amplitude accuracy with this type of sensor in the low-frequency range, a new calibration procedure for this frequency range was developed. The calibration enables the use of the low-noise IEPE sensors for large structures, such as wind turbines. The calibrated sensors can be used for wind turbine monitoring, such as fatigue monitoring.
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Short summary
Wind energy creates huge amounts of data, which can be used to improve plant design, raise efficiency, reduce operating costs, and ease integration. These all contribute to cheaper and more predictable energy from wind. But realising the value of data requires a digital transformation that brings
grand challengesaround data, culture, and coopetition. This paper describes how the wind energy industry could work with R&D organisations, funding agencies, and others to overcome them.
Wind energy creates huge amounts of data, which can be used to improve plant design, raise...
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