Wind energy is expanding into regions exposed to tropical cyclones, where extreme winds and waves can damage turbines and disrupt energy production. We reviewed observations, simulations, engineering standards, and risk quantification frameworks to identify the most important gaps. Today's design rules, originally built for milder storms, do not capture cyclone hazards. Closing these gaps requires better offshore measurements, improved models, and risk-informed design standards.

Wind turbines interact with the atmosphere and affect the performance of nearby turbines. Using a large dataset from a wind farm in northern Germany, we studied how inflow conditions shape the flow behind a turbine, called a wake. Higher turbulence reduces the wake's length and impact, while stable conditions make it stronger. Wind direction changes with height can shift and skew the wake’s position. These findings help improve turbine wake models by considering varying atmospheric conditions.