Articles | Volume 8, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-277-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-277-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Platform yaw drift in upwind floating wind turbines with single-point-mooring system and its mitigation by individual pitch control
Wind Energy Department, Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables (CENER), Sarriguren, Spain
Felipe Vittori
Wind Energy Department, Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables (CENER), Sarriguren, Spain
Raquel Martín-San-Román
Wind Energy Department, Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables (CENER), Sarriguren, Spain
DAVE/UPM, E.T.S.I. Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Irene Eguinoa
Wind Energy Department, Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables (CENER), Sarriguren, Spain
José Azcona-Armendáriz
Wind Energy Department, Centro Nacional de Energías Renovables (CENER), Sarriguren, Spain
Related authors
No articles found.
Stefano Cioni, Francesco Papi, Leonardo Pagamonci, Alessandro Bianchini, Néstor Ramos-García, Georg Pirrung, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Ronan Boisard, Alessandro Fontanella, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Marco Belloli, Andrea Sanvito, Giacomo Persico, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Yarong Zhou, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Ricardo Amaral, Axelle Viré, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, David Marten, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Pau Trubat, Climent Molins, Roger Bergua, Emmanuel Branlard, Jason Jonkman, and Amy Robertson
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1659–1691, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of different fidelities made by the participants of the OC6 project Phase III are compared to wind tunnel wake measurements on a floating wind turbine. Results in the near wake confirm that simulations and experiments tend to diverge from the expected linearized quasi-steady behavior when the reduced frequency exceeds 0.5. In the far wake, the impact of platform motion is overestimated by simulations and even seems to be oriented to the generation of a wake less prone to dissipation.
Guillén Campaña-Alonso, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Beatriz Méndez-López, Pablo Benito-Cia, and José Azcona-Armendáriz
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1597–1611, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Wind energy is one of the pillars to accomplish the future objectives established by governments with regard to the reduction in emissions of CO2 expected by 2050. Wind energy usage increase will only be possible if more efficient and durable wind turbines are designed. In addition, such increases in wind energy installation worldwide can only be achieved if floating wind turbine design is mature enough. With this purpose a new tool to design and optimize floating wind turbines is presented.
Roger Bergua, Amy Robertson, Jason Jonkman, Emmanuel Branlard, Alessandro Fontanella, Marco Belloli, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Giacomo Persico, Andrea Sanvito, Ervin Amet, Cédric Brun, Guillén Campaña-Alonso, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Ruolin Cai, Jifeng Cai, Quan Qian, Wen Maoshi, Alec Beardsell, Georg Pirrung, Néstor Ramos-García, Wei Shi, Jie Fu, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Tor Anders Nygaard, Carlos Renan dos Santos, Philippe Gilbert, Pierre-Antoine Joulin, Frédéric Blondel, Eelco Frickel, Peng Chen, Zhiqiang Hu, Ronan Boisard, Kutay Yilmazlar, Alessandro Croce, Violette Harnois, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Ander Aristondo, Iñigo Mendikoa Alonso, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Feike Savenije, David Marten, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Alessandro Bianchini, Francesco Papi, Stefano Cioni, Pau Trubat, Daniel Alarcon, Climent Molins, Marion Cormier, Konstantin Brüker, Thorsten Lutz, Qing Xiao, Zhongsheng Deng, Florence Haudin, and Akhilesh Goveas
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 465–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work examines if the motion experienced by an offshore floating wind turbine can significantly affect the rotor performance. It was observed that the system motion results in variations in the load, but these variations are not critical, and the current simulation tools capture the physics properly. Interestingly, variations in the rotor speed or the blade pitch angle can have a larger impact than the system motion itself.
Konstanze Kölle, Tuhfe Göçmen, Irene Eguinoa, Leonardo Andrés Alcayaga Román, Maria Aparicio-Sanchez, Ju Feng, Johan Meyers, Vasilis Pettas, and Ishaan Sood
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2181–2200, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2181-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2181-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper studies wind farm flow control (WFFC) in simulations with variable electricity prices. The results indicate that considering the electricity price in the operational strategy can be beneficial with respect to the gained income compared to focusing on the power gain only. Moreover, revenue maximization by balancing power production and structural load reduction is demonstrated at the example of a single wind turbine.
Felipe Vittori, José Azcona, Irene Eguinoa, Oscar Pires, Alberto Rodríguez, Álex Morató, Carlos Garrido, and Cian Desmond
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2149–2161, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2149-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2149-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the results of a wave tank test campaign of a scaled SATH 10 MW INNWIND floating platform. The software-in-the-loop (SiL) hybrid method was used to include the wind turbine thrust and the in-plane rotor moments. Experimental results are compared with a numerical model developed in OpenFAST of the floating wind turbine. The results are discussed, identifying limitations of the numerical models and obtaining conclusions on how to improve them.
Tuhfe Göçmen, Filippo Campagnolo, Thomas Duc, Irene Eguinoa, Søren Juhl Andersen, Vlaho Petrović, Lejla Imširović, Robert Braunbehrens, Jaime Liew, Mads Baungaard, Maarten Paul van der Laan, Guowei Qian, Maria Aparicio-Sanchez, Rubén González-Lope, Vinit V. Dighe, Marcus Becker, Maarten J. van den Broek, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, Adam Stock, Matthew Cole, Renzo Ruisi, Ervin Bossanyi, Niklas Requate, Simon Strnad, Jonas Schmidt, Lukas Vollmer, Ishaan Sood, and Johan Meyers
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1791–1825, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1791-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1791-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The FarmConners benchmark is the first of its kind to bring a wide variety of data sets, control settings, and model complexities for the (initial) assessment of wind farm flow control benefits. Here we present the first part of the benchmark results for three blind tests with large-scale rotors and 11 participating models in total, via direct power comparisons at the turbines as well as the observed or estimated power gain at the wind farm level under wake steering control strategy.
Related subject area
Thematic area: Dynamics and control | Topic: Wind turbine control
The potential of wave feedforward control for floating wind turbines: a wave tank experiment
Assessing the impact of waves and platform dynamics on floating wind-turbine energy production
Combining wake redirection and derating strategies in a load-constrained wind farm power maximization
On the robustness of a blade load-based wind speed estimator to dynamic pitch control strategies
Multi-objective calibration of vertical-axis wind turbine controllers: balancing aero-servo-elastic performance and noise
Feedforward pitch control for a 15 MW wind turbine using a spinner-mounted single-beam lidar
Wind vane correction during yaw misalignment for horizontal-axis wind turbines
Increased power gains from wake steering control using preview wind direction information
Brief communication: Real-time estimation of optimal tip-speed ratio for controlling wind turbines with degraded blades
Analysis and multi-objective optimisation of wind turbine torque control strategies
Damping analysis of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs): a new control strategy reducing the platform vibrations
Assessing lidar-assisted feedforward and multivariable feedback controls for large floating wind turbines
Prognostics-based adaptive control strategy for lifetime control of wind turbines
Evaluation of lidar-assisted wind turbine control under various turbulence characteristics
FarmConners wind farm flow control benchmark – Part 1: Blind test results
Demonstration of a fault impact reduction control module for wind turbines
Lidar-assisted model predictive control of wind turbine fatigue via online rainflow counting considering stress history
Amr Hegazy, Peter Naaijen, Vincent Leroy, Félicien Bonnefoy, Mohammad Rasool Mojallizadeh, Yves Pérignon, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1669–1688, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1669-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1669-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Successful wave tank experiments were conducted to evaluate the feedforward (FF) control strategy benefits in terms of structural loads and power quality of floating wind turbine components. The wave FF control strategy is effective when it comes to alleviating the effects of the wave forces on the floating offshore wind turbines, whereas wave FF control requires a significant amount of actuation to minimize the platform pitch motion, which makes such technology unfavorable for that objective.
Alessandro Fontanella, Giorgio Colpani, Marco De Pascali, Sara Muggiasca, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1393–1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1393-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1393-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Waves can boost a floating wind turbine's power output by moving its rotor against the wind. Studying this, we used four models to explore the impact of waves and platform dynamics on turbines in the Mediterranean. We found that wind turbulence, not waves, primarily affects power fluctuations. In real conditions, floating wind turbines produce less energy compared to fixed-bottom ones, mainly due to platform tilt.
Alessandro Croce, Stefano Cacciola, and Federico Isella
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1211–1227, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1211-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1211-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For a few years now, various techniques have been studied to maximize the energy production of a wind farm, that is, from a system consisting of several wind turbines. These wind farm controller techniques are often analyzed individually and can generate loads higher than the design ones on the individual wind turbine. In this paper we study the simultaneous use of two different techniques with the goal of finding the optimal combination that at the same time preserves the design loads.
Marion Coquelet, Maxime Lejeune, Laurent Bricteux, Aemilius A. W. van Vondelen, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, and Philippe Chatelain
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-56, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-56, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
An extended Kalman filter is used to estimate the wind impinging on a wind turbine based on the blade bending moments and a turbine model. Using Large-Eddy Simulations, this paper verifies how robust the estimator is to the turbine control strategy, as it impacts loads and operating parameters. It is shown that including dynamics in the turbine model to account for delays between actuation and bending moments is needed to maintain the accuracy of the estimator when dynamic pitch control is used.
Livia Brandetti, Sebastiaan Paul Mulders, Roberto Merino-Martinez, Simon Watson, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 471–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-471-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-471-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research presents a multi-objective optimisation approach to balance vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) performance and noise, comparing the combined wind speed estimator and tip-speed ratio (WSE–TSR) tracking controller with a baseline. Psychoacoustic annoyance is used as a novel metric for human perception of wind turbine noise. Results showcase the WSE–TSR tracking controller’s potential in trading off the considered objectives, thereby fostering the deployment of VAWTs in urban areas.
Wei Fu, Feng Guo, David Schlipf, and Alfredo Peña
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1893–1907, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1893-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1893-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A high-quality preview of the rotor-effective wind speed is a key element of the benefits of feedforward pitch control. We model a one-beam lidar in the spinner of a 15 MW wind turbine. The lidar rotates with the wind turbine and scans the inflow in a circular pattern, mimicking a multiple-beam lidar at a lower cost. We found that a spinner-based one-beam lidar provides many more control benefits than the one on the nacelle, which is similar to a four-beam nacelle lidar for feedforward control.
Andreas Rott, Leo Höning, Paul Hulsman, Laura J. Lukassen, Christof Moldenhauer, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1755–1770, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1755-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1755-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines wind vane measurements of commercial wind turbines and their impact on yaw control. The authors discovered that rotor interference can cause an overestimation of wind vane measurements, leading to overcorrection of the yaw controller. A correction function that improves the yaw behaviour is presented and validated in free-field experiments on a commercial wind turbine. This work provides new insights into wind direction measurements and suggests ways to optimize yaw control.
Balthazar Arnoldus Maria Sengers, Andreas Rott, Eric Simley, Michael Sinner, Gerald Steinfeld, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1693–1710, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1693-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1693-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Unexpected wind direction changes are undesirable, especially when performing wake steering. This study explores whether the yaw controller can benefit from accessing wind direction information before a change reaches the turbine. Results from two models with different fidelities demonstrate that wake steering can indeed benefit from preview information.
Devesh Kumar and Mario Rotea
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-144, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-144, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
The performance of a wind turbine is affected by blade surface degradation due to wear and tear, dirt, bugs, icing. As blades degrade, optimal operating points such as the tip-speed ratio (TSR) can change. Re-tuning the TSR to its new optimal value can lead to recovery of energy losses under blade degradation. In this work, we utilize a real-time gradient-based algorithm to retune the TSR to its new unknown optimal value under blade degradation and demonstrate energy gains using simulations.
Livia Brandetti, Sebastiaan Paul Mulders, Yichao Liu, Simon Watson, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1553–1573, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1553-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1553-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This research presents the additional benefits of applying an advanced combined wind speed estimator and tip-speed ratio tracking (WSE–TSR) controller compared to the baseline Kω2. Using a frequency-domain framework and an optimal calibration procedure, the WSE–TSR tracking control scheme shows a more flexible trade-off between conflicting objectives: power maximisation and load minimisation. Therefore, implementing this controller on large-scale wind turbines will facilitate their operation.
Matteo Capaldo and Paul Mella
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1319–1339, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1319-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1319-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The controller impacts the movements, loads and yield of wind turbines.
Standard controllers are not adapted for floating, and they can lead to underperformances and overloads. New control strategies, considering the coupling between the floating dynamics and the rotor dynamics, are necessary to reduce platform movements and to improve performances. This work proposes a new control strategy adapted to floating wind, showing a reduction in loads without affecting the power production.
Feng Guo and David Schlipf
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1299–1317, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1299-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1299-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper assesses lidar-assisted collective pitch feedforward (LACPF) and multi-variable feedback (MVFB) controls for the IEA 15.0 MW reference turbine. The main contributions of this work include (a) optimizing a four-beam pulsed lidar for a large turbine, (b) optimal tuning of speed regulation gains and platform feedback gains for the MVFB and LACPF controllers, and (c) assessing the benefits of the two control strategies using realistic offshore turbulence spectral characteristics.
Edwin Kipchirchir, M. Hung Do, Jackson G. Njiri, and Dirk Söffker
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 575–588, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-575-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-575-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, an adaptive control strategy for controlling the lifetime of wind turbine components is proposed. Performance of the lifetime controller is adapted based on real-time health status of the rotor blades to guarantee a predefined lifetime. It shows promising results in lifetime control of blades without speed regulation and tower load mitigation trade-off. It can be applied in optimizing maintenance scheduling of wind farms, which increases reliability and reduces maintenance costs.
Feng Guo, David Schlipf, and Po Wen Cheng
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 149–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-149-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-149-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The benefits of lidar-assisted control are evaluated using both the Mann model and Kaimal model-based 4D turbulence, considering the variation of turbulence parameters. Simulations are performed for the above-rated mean wind speed, using the NREL 5.0 MW reference wind turbine and a four-beam lidar system. Using lidar-assisted control reduces the variations in rotor speed, pitch rate, tower base fore–aft bending moment, and electrical power significantly.
Tuhfe Göçmen, Filippo Campagnolo, Thomas Duc, Irene Eguinoa, Søren Juhl Andersen, Vlaho Petrović, Lejla Imširović, Robert Braunbehrens, Jaime Liew, Mads Baungaard, Maarten Paul van der Laan, Guowei Qian, Maria Aparicio-Sanchez, Rubén González-Lope, Vinit V. Dighe, Marcus Becker, Maarten J. van den Broek, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, Adam Stock, Matthew Cole, Renzo Ruisi, Ervin Bossanyi, Niklas Requate, Simon Strnad, Jonas Schmidt, Lukas Vollmer, Ishaan Sood, and Johan Meyers
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1791–1825, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1791-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1791-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The FarmConners benchmark is the first of its kind to bring a wide variety of data sets, control settings, and model complexities for the (initial) assessment of wind farm flow control benefits. Here we present the first part of the benchmark results for three blind tests with large-scale rotors and 11 participating models in total, via direct power comparisons at the turbines as well as the observed or estimated power gain at the wind farm level under wake steering control strategy.
Benjamin Anderson and Edward Baring-Gould
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1753–1769, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our article proposes an easy-to-integrate wind turbine control module which mitigates wind turbine fault conditions and sends predictive information to the grid operator, all while maximizing power production. This gives the grid operator more time to react to faults with its dispatch decisions, easing the transition between different generators. This study aims to illustrate the controller’s functionality under various types of faults and highlight potential wind turbine and grid benefits.
Stefan Loew and Carlo L. Bottasso
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1605–1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1605-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1605-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This publication presents methods to improve the awareness and control of material fatigue for wind turbines. This is achieved by enhancing a sophisticated control algorithm which utilizes wind prediction information from a laser measurement device. The simulation results indicate that the novel algorithm significantly improves the economic performance of a wind turbine. This benefit is particularly high for situations when the prediction quality is low or the prediction time frame is short.
Cited articles
Bossanyi, E. A.: Individual Blade Pitch Control for Load Reduction, Wind Energy, 6, 119–128, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.76, 2003. a, b
Chakrabarti, S. K.: Handbook of Offshore Engineering, 1st Edn., Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-08-044381-2, 2005. a
Dumitrescu, H. and Cardos, V.: Wind turbine aerodynamic performance by lifting line method, International Journal of Rotating Machinery, 4, 141–149, https://doi.org/10.1155/S1023621X98000128, 1998. a
Gupta, S. and Leishman, J.: Comparison of momentum and vortex methods for the aerodynamic analysis of wind turbines, in: 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 10–13 January 2005, Reno, Nevada, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-594, 2005. a
Hansen, A. C.: Yaw Dynamics of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines, Tech. rep., NREL, https://doi.org/10.2172/10144778, 1992. a, b, c
Ho, J. C., Yeo, H., and Bhagwat, M.: Validation of rotorcraft comprehensive analysis performance predictions for coaxial rotors in hover, J. Am. Helicopter Soc., 62, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.4050/jahs.62.022005, 2017. a
IEC: IEC 61400-1 Wind Turbines – Part 1: Design Requirements, https://www.une.org/encuentra-tu-norma/busca-tu-norma/iec?c=26423 (last access: 27 February 2023), 2008. a
IEC: IEC TS 61400-3-2 Wind Energy Generation Systems – Part 3-2: Design Requirements for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines, https://www.une.org/encuentra-tu-norma/busca-tu-norma/iec/?c=29244 (last access: 2 February 2023), 2019. a
Jonkman, J. and Musial, W.: Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration (OC3) for IEA Task 23 Offshore Wind Technology and Deployment, Tech. rep., NREL, Golden, CO, https://doi.org/10.2172/1004009, 2010. a
Jonkman, J. M. and Buhl, M. L.: FAST User's Guide, OSTI.GOV, https://doi.org/10.2172/15020796, 2005. a
Jonkman, J. M., Butterfield, S. B., Musial, W., and Scott, G.: Definition of a 5 MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System Development, Tech. rep., NREL, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4038580, 2009. a
Kecskemety, K. and McNamara, J.: The Influence of Wake Effects and Inflow Turbulence on Wind Turbine Loads, AIAA J., 49, 2564–2576, https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J051095, 2011. a
Kim, M.-G. and Dalhoff, P. H.: Yaw Systems for Wind Turbines – Overview of Concepts, Current Challenges and Design Methods, in: Sci. Mak. Torque from Wind, vol. 524, Institute of Physics Publishing, Copenhagen, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012086, 2014. a
Leishman, J. G., Bhagwat, M. J., and Bagai, A.: Free-vortex filament methods for the analysis of helicopter rotor wakes, J. Aircraft, 39, 759–775, https://doi.org/10.2514/2.3022, 2002. a, b
Liu, Y., Yoshida, S., Yamamoto, H., Toyofuku, A., He, G., and Yang, S.: Response Characteristics of the DeepCwind Floating Wind Turbine Moored by a Single-Point Mooring System, Appl. Sci., 8, 2306, https://doi.org/10.3390/app8112306, 2018. a, b, c
Martín-San-Román, R., Azcona-Armendáriz, J., and Cuerva-Tejero, A.: Lifting line free wake vortex filament method for the evaluation of floating offshore wind turbines. First step: validation for fixed wind turbines, in: IWOTC, ASME 2019 2nd International Offshore Wind Technical Conference, 3–6 November 2019, St. Julian's, Malta, https://doi.org/10.1115/IOWTC2019-7540, 2019. a
Martín-San-Román, R., Benito-Cia, P., Azcona-Armendáriz, J., and Cuerva-Tejero, A.: Validation of a free vortex filament wake module for the integrated simulation of multi-rotor wind turbines, Renew. Energ., 179, 1706–1718, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.147, 2021. a
Navalkar, S. T., Van Wingerden, J. W., and Van Kuik, G. A. M.: Individual Blade Pitch for Yaw Control, in: Sci. Mak. Torque from Wind, vol. 524, Institute of Physics Publishing, Roskilde, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012057, 2014. a, b
Netzband, S., Schulz, C. W., and Abdel-Maksoud, M.: Self-Aligning Behaviour of a Passively Yawing Floating Offshore Wind Turbine, Sh. Technol. Res., 67, 15–25, https://doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2018.1555986, 2020. a
Pfaffel, S., Faulstich, S., and Rohrig, K.: Performance and Reliability of Wind Turbines: A Review, Energies, 10, 1904, https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111904, 2017. a
Rahimi, H., Hartvelt, M., Peinke, J., and Schepers, J. G.: Investigation of the current yaw engineering models for simulation of wind turbines in BEM and comparison with CFD and experiment, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 753, 022016, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/753/2/022016, 2016. a
Robertson, A., Jonkman, J., Masciola, M., Song, H., Goupee, A., Coulling, A., and Luan, C.: Definition of the Semisubmersible Floating System for Phase II of OC4, NREL, https://doi.org/10.2172/1155123, 2014. a
Sant, T.: Improving BEM-based Aerodynamic Models in Wind Turbine Design Codes, PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4d0e894c-d0ad-4983-9fa3-505a8c6869f1
(last access: 28 February 2023), 2007. a
Sebastian, T. and Lackner, M. A.: Development of a free vortex wake method code for offshore floating wind turbines, Renew. Energ., 46, 269–275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.03.033, 2012. a
Sørensen, J. N.: General Momentum Theory for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines, Research Topics in Wind Energy, vol. 4, Springer International Publishing, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22114-4, 2016. a
Stehly, T., Beiter, P., and Duffy, P.: 2019 Cost of Wind Energy Review, Tech. rep., NREL, Golden, CO, https://doi.org/10.2172/1756710, 2020.
a
Urbán, A. M., Voltà, L., Lio, W. H., and Torres, R.: Preliminary Assessment of Yaw Alignment on a Single Point Moored Downwind Floating Platform, in: EERA DeepWind, vol. 2018, Institute of Physics Publishing, Trondheim, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2018/1/012043, 2021. a, b
Van Solingen, E.: Control Design for Two-Bladed Wind Turbines, PhD thesis, Technische Universiteit Delft, Delft, https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:abb59ca8-877a-4599-8ea9-6f23c46d39b9, 2015. a, b
Wanke, G., Hansen, M. H., and Larsen, T. J.: Qualitative yaw stability analysis of free-yawing downwind turbines, Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 233–250, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-233-2019, 2019. a, b
WindEurope: Floating Offshore Wind,
https://windeurope.org/intelligence-platform/reports/ (last access: 28 February 2023), 2020. a
Zhao, W. and Stol, K. A.: Individual Blade Pitch for Active Yaw Control of a Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine, in: AIAA Aerosp. Sci. Meet. Exhib., AIAA, Reno, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-1022, 2007. a
Short summary
This work analyses in detail the causes of the yaw drift in floating offshore wind turbines with a single-point-mooring system induced by an upwind wind turbine. The ability of an individual pitch control strategy based on yaw misalignment is demonstrated through simulations using the NREL 5 MW wind turbine mounted on a single-point-mooring version of the DeepCwind OC4 floating platform. This effect is considered to be relevant for all single-point-moored concepts.
This work analyses in detail the causes of the yaw drift in floating offshore wind turbines with...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint