Articles | Volume 9, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1025-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1025-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Apr 2024
Research article |
| 29 Apr 2024
| 29 Apr 2024
OC6 project Phase IV: validation of numerical models for novel floating offshore wind support structures
National Wind Technology Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Will Wiley
National Wind Technology Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Amy Robertson
National Wind Technology Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Jason Jonkman
National Wind Technology Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
Cédric Brun
Research & Development Department, Bureau Veritas – Marine Division, 44818 Saint-Herblain, France
Jean-Philippe Pineau
Research & Development Department, Bureau Veritas – Marine Division, 44818 Saint-Herblain, France
Quan Qian
Research Institute, CSSC Haizhuang Windpower Co. Ltd, Chongqing, 401122, China
Wen Maoshi
Research Institute, CSSC Haizhuang Windpower Co. Ltd, Chongqing, 401122, China
Alec Beardsell
Turbine Engineering, DNV, Bristol, BS2 0PS, UK
Joshua Cutler
Turbine Engineering, DNV, Bristol, BS2 0PS, UK
Fabio Pierella
Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
Christian Anker Hansen
Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
Jie Fu
State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
Lehan Hu
State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
Prokopios Vlachogiannis
National Hydraulics and Environment Laboratory (LNHE), EDF R&D, 78400 Chatou, France
Christophe Peyrard
National Hydraulics and Environment Laboratory (LNHE), EDF R&D, 78400 Chatou, France
Christopher Simon Wright
Gavin & Doherty Geosolutions Ltd., Dublin, D14 X627, Ireland
Dallán Friel
Gavin & Doherty Geosolutions Ltd., Dublin, D14 X627, Ireland
Øyvind Waage Hanssen-Bauer
Institute for Energy Technology, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
Carlos Renan dos Santos
Institute for Energy Technology, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
Eelco Frickel
Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN), 6708 PM Wageningen, the Netherlands
Hafizul Islam
Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN), 6708 PM Wageningen, the Netherlands
Arjen Koop
Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN), 6708 PM Wageningen, the Netherlands
Zhiqiang Hu
School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
Jihuai Yang
School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
Tristan Quideau
Floating Offshore Group, PRINCIPIA, 13600 La Ciotat, France
Violette Harnois
Floating Offshore Group, PRINCIPIA, 13600 La Ciotat, France
Kelsey Shaler
Power and Technology Department, Shell International Exploration and Production, Houston, TX 77079, USA
Stefan Netzband
Fluid Dynamics and Ship Theory, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
Daniel Alarcón
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
Pau Trubat
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
Aengus Connolly
Department of Offshore Wind, Wood Group Kenny, Galway, H91 R9YR, Ireland
Seán B. Leen
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, H91 HX31, Ireland
Oisín Conway
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, H91 HX31, Ireland
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Roger Bergua, Amy Robertson, Jason Jonkman, Emmanuel Branlard, Alessandro Fontanella, Marco Belloli, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Giacomo Persico, Andrea Sanvito, Ervin Amet, Cédric Brun, Guillén Campaña-Alonso, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Ruolin Cai, Jifeng Cai, Quan Qian, Wen Maoshi, Alec Beardsell, Georg Pirrung, Néstor Ramos-García, Wei Shi, Jie Fu, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Tor Anders Nygaard, Carlos Renan dos Santos, Philippe Gilbert, Pierre-Antoine Joulin, Frédéric Blondel, Eelco Frickel, Peng Chen, Zhiqiang Hu, Ronan Boisard, Kutay Yilmazlar, Alessandro Croce, Violette Harnois, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Ander Aristondo, Iñigo Mendikoa Alonso, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Feike Savenije, David Marten, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Alessandro Bianchini, Francesco Papi, Stefano Cioni, Pau Trubat, Daniel Alarcon, Climent Molins, Marion Cormier, Konstantin Brüker, Thorsten Lutz, Qing Xiao, Zhongsheng Deng, Florence Haudin, and Akhilesh Goveas
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This work examines if the motion experienced by an offshore floating wind turbine can significantly affect the rotor performance. It was observed that the system motion results in variations in the load, but these variations are not critical, and the current simulation tools capture the physics properly. Interestingly, variations in the rotor speed or the blade pitch angle can have a larger impact than the system motion itself.
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Jason M. Jonkman, Emmanuel S. P. Branlard, and John P. Jasa
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 559–571, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-559-2022, 2022
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Emmanuel Branlard, Ian Brownstein, Benjamin Strom, Jason Jonkman, Scott Dana, and Edward Ian Baring-Gould
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 455–467, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-455-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-455-2022, 2022
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In this work, we present an aerodynamic tool that can model an arbitrary collections of wings, blades, rotors, and towers. With these functionalities, the tool can be used to study and design advanced wind energy concepts, such as horizontal-axis wind turbines, vertical-axis wind turbines, kites, or multi-rotors. This article describes the key features of the tool and presents multiple applications. Field measurements of horizontal- and vertical-axis wind turbines are used for comparison.
Matthias Kretschmer, Jason Jonkman, Vasilis Pettas, and Po Wen Cheng
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 1247–1262, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1247-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1247-2021, 2021
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Mohammad Youssef Mahfouz, Climent Molins, Pau Trubat, Sergio Hernández, Fernando Vigara, Antonio Pegalajar-Jurado, Henrik Bredmose, and Mohammad Salari
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 867–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-867-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-867-2021, 2021
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Amy N. Robertson, Kelsey Shaler, Latha Sethuraman, and Jason Jonkman
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 479–513, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-479-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-479-2019, 2019
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Peter Graf, Katherine Dykes, Rick Damiani, Jason Jonkman, and Paul Veers
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 475–487, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-475-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-475-2018, 2018
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Current approaches to wind turbine extreme load estimation are insufficient to routinely and reliably make required estimates over 50-year return periods. Our work hybridizes the two main approaches and casts the problem as stochastic optimization. However, the extreme variability in turbine response implies even an optimal sampling strategy needs unrealistic computing resources. We therefore conclude that further improvement requires better understanding of the underlying causes of loads.
Srinivas Guntur, Jason Jonkman, Ryan Sievers, Michael A. Sprague, Scott Schreck, and Qi Wang
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 443–468, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-443-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-443-2017, 2017
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This paper presents a validation and code-to-code verification of the U.S. Dept of Energy/NREL wind turbine aeroelastic code, FAST v8, on a 2.3 MW wind turbine. Model validation is critical to any model-based research and development activity, and validation efforts on large turbines, as the current one, are extremely rare, mainly due to the scale. This paper, which was a collaboration between NREL and Siemens Wind Power, successfully demonstrates and validates the capabilities of FAST.
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Thematic area: Wind technologies | Topic: Offshore technology
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A novel hydrodynamic module of QBlade is validated on three floating offshore wind turbine concepts with experiments and two widely used simulation tools. Further, a recently proposed method to enhance the prediction of slowly varying drift forces is adopted and tested in varying met-ocean conditions. The hydrodynamic capability of QBlade matches the current state of the art and demonstrates significant improvement regarding the prediction of slowly varying drift forces with the enhanced model.
Kaylie L. Roach, Matthew A. Lackner, and James F. Manwell
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1873–1891, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1873-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1873-2023, 2023
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This paper presents an upscaling methodology for floating offshore wind turbine platforms using two case studies. The offshore wind turbine industry is trending towards fewer, larger offshore wind turbines within a farm, which is motivated by the per unit cost of a wind farm (including installation, interconnection, and maintenance costs). The results show the platform steel mass to be favorable with upscaling.
Will Wiley, Jason Jonkman, Amy Robertson, and Kelsey Shaler
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1575–1595, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1575-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1575-2023, 2023
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A sensitivity analysis determined the modeling parameters for an operating floating offshore wind turbine with the biggest impact on the ultimate and fatigue loads. The loads were the most sensitive to the standard deviation of the wind speed. Ultimate and fatigue mooring loads were highly sensitive to the current speed; only the fatigue mooring loads were sensitive to wave parameters. The largest platform rotation was the most sensitive to the platform horizontal center of gravity.
Mohammad Youssef Mahfouz, Ericka Lozon, Matthew Hall, and Po Wen Cheng
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-135, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-135, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
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As climate change increasingly impacts our daily lives, there is a pressing need for transition towards cleaner energy. With all the growth in floating offshore wind and the planned FWFs in the next few years, we urgently need new techniques and methodologies to accommodate the differences between fixed bottom and FWFs. This paper presents a novel methodology to decrease aerodynamic losses inside a FWF by passively relocating the downwind floating wind turbines out of the wakes.
Maciej M. Mroczek, Sanjay Raja Arwade, and Matthew A. Lackner
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 807–817, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-807-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-807-2023, 2023
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Benefits of orientating a three-legged offshore wind jacket relative to the metocean conditions for pile design are assessed considering the International Energy Agency 15 MW reference turbine and a reference site off the coast of Massachusetts. Results, based on the considered conditions, show that the pile design can be optimized by orientating the jacket relative to the dominant wave direction. This design optimization can be used on offshore wind projects to provide cost and risk reductions.
Patrick Connolly and Curran Crawford
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 725–746, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-725-2023, 2023
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Mobile offshore wind energy systems are a potential way of producing green fuels from the untapped wind resource that lies far offshore. Herein, computational models of two such systems were developed and verified. The models are able to predict the power output of each system based on wind condition inputs. Results show that both systems have merits and that, contrary to existing results, unmoored floating wind turbines may produce as much power as fixed ones, given the right conditions.
Cited articles
Allen, C. and Fowler, M.:
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Bergua, R., Robertson, A., Jonkman, J., Platt, A., Page, A., Qvist, J., Amet, E., Cai, Z., Han, H., Beardsell, A., Shi, W., Galván, J., Bachynski-Polić, E., McKinnon, G., Harnois, V., Bonnet, P., Suja-Thauvin, L., Hansen, A. M., Mendikoa-Alonso, I., Aristondo, A., Battistella, T., Guanche, R., Schünemann, P., Pham, T., Trubat, P., Alarcón, D., Haudin, F., and Quan-Nguyen, M., Goveas, A.: OC6 Phase II: Integration and verification of a new soil–structure interaction model for offshore wind design, Wind Energy, 25, 793–810, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2698, 2022.
Bergua, R., Robertson, A., Jonkman, J., Branlard, E., Fontanella, A., Belloli, M., Schito, P., Zasso, A., Persico, G., Sanvito, A., Amet, E., Brun, C., Campaña-Alonso, G., Martín-San-Román, R., Cai, R., Cai, J., Qian, Q., Maoshi, W., Beardsell, A., Pirrung, G., Ramos-García, N., Shi, W., Fu, J., Corniglion, R., Lovera, A., Galván, J., Nygaard, T. A., dos Santos, C. R., Gilbert, P., Joulin, P.-A., Blondel, F., Frickel, E., Chen, P., Hu, Z., Boisard, R., Yilmazlar, K., Croce, A., Harnois, V., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Aristondo, A., Mendikoa Alonso, I., Mancini, S., Boorsma, K., Savenije, F., Marten, D., Soto-Valle, R., Schulz, C. W., Netzband, S., Bianchini, A., Papi, F., Cioni, S., Trubat, P., Alarcon, D., Molins, C., Cormier, M., Brüker, K., Lutz, T., Xiao, Q., Deng, Z., Haudin, F., and Goveas, A.: OC6 project Phase III: validation of the aerodynamic loading on a wind turbine rotor undergoing large motion caused by a floating support structure, Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 465–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-465-2023, 2023.
Borg, M., Viselli, A., Allen, C. K., Fowler, M., Sigshøj, C., Grech La Rosa, A., Andersen, M. T., and Stiesdal, H.: Physical Model Testing of the TetraSpar Demo Floating Wind Turbine Prototype. In International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, https://doi.org/10.1115/IOWTC2019-7561, 2019.
Cioni, S., Papi, F., Pagamonci, L., Bianchini, A., Ramos-García, N., Pirrung, G., Corniglion, R., Lovera, A., Galván, J., Boisard, R., Fontanella, A., Schito, P., Zasso, A., Belloli, M., Sanvito, A., Persico, G., Zhang, L., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., Mancini, S., Boorsma, K., Amaral, R., Viré, A., Schulz, C. W., Netzband, S., Soto-Valle, R., Marten, D., Martín-San-Román, R., Trubat, P., Molins, C., Bergua, R., Branlard, E., Jonkman, J., and Robertson, A.: On the characteristics of the wake of a wind turbine undergoing large motions caused by a floating structure: an insight based on experiments and multi-fidelity simulations from the OC6 project Phase III, Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1659–1691, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, 2023.
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Jonkman, J., Robertson, A., Popko, W., Vorpahl, F., Zuga, A., Kohlmeier, M., Larsen, T. J., Yde, A., Saetertro, K., Okstad, K. M., Nichols, J., Nygaard, T. A., Gao, Z., Manolas, D., Kim, K., Yu, Q., Shi, W., Park, H., Vasquez-Rojas, A., Dubois, J., Kaufer, D., Thomassen, P., de Ruiter, M. J., Peeringa, J. M., Zhiwen, H., and von Waaden, H.: Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation (OC4), Phase I – Results of Coupled Simulations of an Offshore Wind Turbine with Jacket Support Structure, NREL/CP-5000-54124, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/54124.pdf (last access: 20 April 2024), 2012.
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Popko, W., Huhn, M. L., Robertson, A., Jonkman, J., Wendt, F., Müller, K., Kretschmer, M., Vorpahl, F., Hagen, T. R., Galinos, C., Le Dreff, J.-B., Gilbert, P., Auriac, B., Navarro-Víllora, F., Schünemann, P., Bayati, I., Belloli, M., Oh, S., Totsuka., Y., Qvist, J., Bachynski, E., Sørum, S. H., Thomassen, P. E., Shin, H., Vittori, F., Galván, J., Molins, C., Bonnet, P., van der Zee, T., Bergua, R., Wang, K., Fu, P., and Cai, J.: Verification of a numerical model of the offshore wind turbine from the alpha ventus wind farm within oc5 phase iii, in: International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Vol. 51319, V010T09A056, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2018-77589, 2018.
Popko, W., Robertson, A., Jonkman., J., Wendt, F., Thomas, P., Müller, K., Kretschmer, M., Hagen, T. R., Galinos, C., Le Dreff, J.-B., Gilbert, P., Auriac, B., Oh, S., Qvist, J., Sørum, S. H., Suja-Thauvin, L., Shin, H., Molins, C., Trubat, P., Bonnet, P., Bergua, R., Wang, K., Fu, P., Cai, J., Cai, Z., Alexandre, A., and Harries, R.: Validation of numerical models of the offshore wind turbine from the alpha ventus wind farm against full-scale measurements within OC5 Phase III, in: ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection, https://doi.org/0.1115/OMAE2019-95429, 2019.
Robertson, A. and Bergua, R.: OC6 Project Phase IV: Validation of Numerical Models for Novel Floating Offshore Wind Support Structures, US Department of Energy [data set], https://doi.org/10.21947/2179225, 2023.
Robertson, A., Jonkman, J., Musial, W., Vorpahl, F., and Popko, W.: Offshore code comparison collaboration, continuation: Phase II results of a floating semisubmersible wind system, NREL/CP-5000-60600, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60600.pdf (last access: 20 April 2024), 2013.
Robertson, A., Wendt, F., Jonkman, J., Popko, W., Vorpahl, F., Stansberg, C. T., Bachynski, E. E., Bayati, I., Beyer, F., de Vaal, J. B., Harries, R., Yamaguchi, A., Shin, H., Kim, B., van der Zee, T., Bozonnet, P., Aguilo, B., Bergua, R., Qvist, J., Qijun, W., Chen, X., Guerinel, M., Tu, Y., Yutong, H., Li, R., and Bouy, L.: OC5 project phase I: Validation of hydrodynamic loading on a fixed cylinder, NREL/CP-5000-63567, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/63567.pdf (last access: 20 April 2024), 2015.
Robertson, A. N., Wendt, F., Jonkman, J., Popko, W., Borg, M., Bredmose, H., Schlutter, F., Qvist, J., Bergua, R., Harries, R., Yde, A., Nygaard, T. A., de Vaal, J. B., Oggiano, L., Bozonnet, P., Bouy, L., Barrera Sanchez, C., Guanche García, R., Bachynski, E. E., Tu, Y., Bayati, I., Borisade, F., Shin, H., van der Zee, T., and Guerinel, M.: OC5 Project Phase Ib: validation of hydrodynamic loading on a fixed, flexible cylinder for offshore wind applications, NREL/JA-5000-66648, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.201, 2016.
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Robertson, A. N., Gueydon, S., Bachynski, E., Wang, L., Jonkman, J., Alarcón, D., Amet, E., Beardsell, A., Bonnet, P., Boudet, B., Brun, C., Chen, Z., Féron, M., Forbush, D., Galinos, C., Galván, J., Gilbert, P., Gómez, J., Harnois, V., Haudin, F., Hu, Z., le Dreef, J., Leimeister, M., Lemmer, F., Li, H., McKinnon, G., Mendikoa, I., Moghtadaei, A., Netzband, S., Oh, S., Pegalajar-Jurado, A., Nguyen, M. Q., Ruehl, K., Schünemann, P., Shi, W., Shin, H., Si, Y., Surmont, F., Trubat, P., Qvist, J., and Wohlfaahrt-Laymann, S.: OC6 Phase I: Investigating the underprediction of low-frequency hydrodynamic loads and responses of a floating wind turbine, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 1618, 032033, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1618/3/032033, 2020.
Stiesdal Offshore: The TetraSpar Full-Scale Demonstration Project, https://www.stiesdal.com/offshore-technologies/the-tetraspar-full-scale-demonstration-project/ (last access: 5 April 2022), 2022.
Thomsen, J. B., Têtu, A., and Stiesdal, H.: A comparative investigation of prevalent hydrodynamic modelling approaches for floating offshore wind turbine foundations: a TetraSpar case study, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 9, 683, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070683, 2021.
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Wang, L., Robertson, A., Jonkman, J., Yu, Y-H., Koop, A., Borràs Nadal, A., Li, H., Bachynski-Polić, E., Pinguet, R., Shi, W., Zeng, X., Zhou, Y., Xiao, Q., Kumar, R., Sarlak, H., Ransley, E., Brown, S., Hann, M., Netzband, S., Wermbter, M., and Méndez López, B.: OC6 Phase Ib: Validation of the CFD predictions of difference-frequency wave excitation on a FOWT semisubmersible, Ocean Eng., 241, 110026, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110026, 2021.
Wiley, W., Bergua, R., Robertson, A., Jonkman, J., and Wang, L.: Definition of the SOT TetraSpar Floating Wind System for OC6 Phase IV, NREL/TP-5700-86442, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA, https://doi.org/10.2172/2203218, 2023.
Short summary
This paper provides a comparison for a floating offshore wind turbine between the motion and loading estimated by numerical models and measurements. The floating support structure is a novel design that includes a counterweight to provide floating stability to the system. The comparison between numerical models and the measurements includes system motion, tower loads, mooring line loads, and loading within the floating support structure.
This paper provides a comparison for a floating offshore wind turbine between the motion and...
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