Benasciutti, D. and Tovo, R.: Frequency-based fatigue analysis of non-stationary switching random loads, Fatig. Fract. Eng. Mater.Struct., 30, 1016–1029, 2007. a
Bowen, A. J., Flay, R. G. J., and Panofsky, H. A.: Vertical coherence and phase delay between wind components in strong winds below 20 m, Bound.-Lay.
Meteorol., 26, 313–324, 1983.
a,
b,
c,
d
Cheynet, E.: Influence of the measurement height on the vertical coherence of
natural wind, in: Conference of the Italian Association for Wind Engineering,
IN VENTO, 9–12 September 2018, Naples, Italy, 207–221,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12815-9_17, 2019.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g
Cheynet, E., Jakobsen, J., and Reuder, J.: Velocity Spectra and Coherence
Estimates in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 169, 429–460, 2018.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h,
i
Cheynet, E., Flügge, M., Reuder, J., Jakobsen, J. B., Heggelund, Y., Svardal, B., Saavedra Garfias, P., Obhrai, C., Daniotti, N., Berge, J., Duscha, C., Wildmann, N., Onarheim, I. H., and Godvik, M.: The COTUR project: remote sensing of offshore turbulence for wind energy application, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6137–6157,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6137-2021, 2021.
a
Chougule, A., Mann, J., Kelly, M., Sun, J., Lenschow, D., and Patton, E.:
Vertical cross-spectral phases in neutral atmospheric flow, J. Turbulence, 36, 1–13,
https://doi.org/10.1080/14685248.2012.711524, 2012.
a
Chougule, A., Mann, J., Kelly, M., and Larsen, G.: Simplification and
Validation of a Spectral-Tensor Model for Turbulence Including Atmospheric
Stability, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 167, 371–397, 2018.
a,
b
Davenport, A. G.: The spectrum of horizontal gustiness near the ground in high winds, Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc., 87, 194–211, 1961.
a,
b
D'Errico, J.: inpaint_nans, MATLAB Central File Exchange,
http://kr.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/4551-inpaint-nans (last access: November 2021), 2004. a
Dobson, F. W.: Review of reference height for and averaging time of surface
wind measurements at sea, World Meteorological Organization,
https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=7561 (last access: 2 March 2021), 1981. a
Doubrawa, P., Churchfield, M. J., Godvik, M., and Sirnivas, S.: Load response
of a floating wind turbine to turbulent atmospheric flow, Appl. Energy, 242, 1588–1599, 2019. a
Drobinski, P., Carlotti, P., Newsom, R. K., Banta, R. M., Foster, R. C., and
Redelsperger, J. L.: The structure of the near-neutral atmospheric surface
layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 699–714, 2004.
a,
b
Edson, J. and Fairall, C.: Similarity relationships in the marine atmospheric
surface layer for terms in the TKE and scalar variance budgets, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2311–2328, 1998. a
ESDU 85020: ESDU 85020 Characteristics of atmospheric turbulence near the
ground. Part II: single point data for strong winds (neutral atmosphere),
ESDU – Engineering Sciences Data Unit,
https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/10158377 (last access:
31 July 2022), 2002. a
Geernaert, G.: Measurements of the angle between the wind vector and wind
stress vector in the surface layer over the North Sea, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 93, 8215–8220, 1988. a
Geernaert, G., Hansen, F., Courtney, M., and Herbers, T.: Directional attributes of the ocean surface wind stress vector, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 98, 16571–16582, 1993. a
GE Renewable Energy: Haliade-X offshore wind turbine,
https://www.ge.com/renewableenergy/wind-energy/offshore-wind/haliade-x-offshore-turbine,
last access: 8 April 2021. a
Grachev, A., Fairall, C., Hare, J., Edson, J., and Miller, S.: Wind stress
vector over ocean waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 2408–2429, 2003. a
Hansen, K. S., Larsen, G. C., and Ott, S.: Dependence of offshore wind turbine fatigue loads on atmospheric stratification, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 524, 012165,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012165, 2014.
a
Högström, U.: Von Karman's constant in atmospheric boundary layer flow: Reevaluated, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 263–270, 1985. a
Högström, U.: Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the
atmospheric surface layer: A re-evaluation, in: Topics in Micrometeorology. A
Festschrift for Arch Dyer, Springer, 55–78,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2935-7_6, 1988.
a
Högström, U., Hunt, J., and Smedman, A.-S.: Theory and measurements for turbulence spectra and variances in the atmospheric neutral surface layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 103, 101–124, 2002.
a,
b
Hristov, T., Friehe, C., and Miller, S.: Wave-coherent fields in air flow over ocean waves: Identification of cooperative behavior buried in turbulence, Phys. Rev. Lett., 81, 5245,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5245, 1998.
a
IEC: IEC 61400-1: Wind turbines – Part 1: Design requirements (2005),
https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/5426 (last access: 3 August 2022), 2005.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f
Jacobsen, A. and Godvik, M.: Influence of wakes and atmospheric stability on
the floater responses of the Hywind Scotland wind turbines, Wind Energy, 24,
149–161, 2021.
a,
b
Janssen, P. A.: Wave-induced stress and the drag of air flow over sea waves,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 745–754, 1989. a
Jiang, Q.: Influence of Swell on Marine Surface-Layer Structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 77, 1865–1885, 2020. a
Jiang, Q., Wang, Q., Wang, S., and Gaberšek, S.: Turbulence adjustment
and scaling in an offshore convective internal boundary layer: A CASPER case
study, J. Atmos. Sci., 77, 1661–1681, 2020. a
Johnson, H. K., Højstrup, J., Vested, H. J., and Larsen, S. E.: On the
dependence of sea surface roughness on wind waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1702–1716, 1998.
a,
b,
c
Jonkman, J. and Musial, W.: Offshore code comparison collaboration (OC3) for
IEA Wind Task 23 offshore wind technology and deployment, Tech. rep., NREL – National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO, USA,
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/48191.pdf (last access:
21 December 2020), 2010. a
Kaimal, J. C. and Finnigan, J. J.: Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their
Structure and Measurement, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-506239-6, 1994.
a,
b,
c
Kaimal, J. C., Wyngaard, J. C. J., Izumi, Y., and Coté, O. R.: Spectral
characteristics of surface‐layer turbulence, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 563–589, 1972.
a,
b,
c
Klipp, C.: Turbulent friction velocity calculated from the Reynolds stress
tensor, J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 1029–1043, 2018.
a,
b,
c
Kondo, J., Fujinawa, Y., and Naito, G.: Wave-induced wind fluctuation over the sea, J. Fluid Mech., 51, 751–771, 1972.
a,
b,
c
Leys, C., Ley, C., Klein, O., Bernard, P., and Licata, L.: Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median, J. Exp. Social Psychol., 49, 764–766, 2013. a
Lumley, J. and Panofsky, H.: The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence,
Interscience monographs and texts in physics and astronomy, Interscience
Publishers, ISBN 9780470553657, 1964. a
Mahrt, L., Vickers, D., Howell, J., Højstrup, J., Wilczak, J. M., Edson, J.,
and Hare, J.: Sea surface drag coefficients in the Risø Air Sea Experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 101, 14327–14335, 1996. a
Mahrt, L., Vickers, D., Edson, J., Wilczak, J. M., Hare, J., and Højstrup, J.: Vertical structure of turbulence in offshore flow during RASEX, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 101, 14327–14335, 2001. a
Mann, J.: The spatial structure of neutral atmospheric surface-layer
turbulence, J. Fluid Mech., 273, 141–168, 1994.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e
Mikkelsen, T., Larsen, S. E., Jørgensen, H. E., Astrup, P., and Larsén, X. G.: Scaling of turbulence spectra measured in strong shear flow near the Earth's surface, Physica Scripta, 92, 124002,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/aa91b2, 2017.
a
Monin, A. S.: The structure of atmospheric turbulence, Theor. Probabil. Appl., 3, 266–296, 1958. a
Monin, A. S. and Obukhov, A. M.: Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the
atmosphere near the ground, Tr. Geofiz. Inst., Akad. Nauk SSSR, 24, 163–187,
1954. a
Naito, G.: Spatial structure of surface wind over the ocean, J. Wind Eng. Indust. Aerodynam., 13, 67–76, 1983. a
Nielsen, F. G., Hanson, T. D., and Skaare, B.: Integrated dynamic analysis of
floating offshore wind turbines, in: vol. 47462, 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 4–9 June 2006, Hamburg, Germany, 671–679,
https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2006-92291, 2006.
a
Nybø, A., Nielsen, F. G., Reuder, J., Churchfield, M. J., and Godvik, M.:
Evaluation of different wind fields for the investigation of the dynamic
response of offshore wind turbines, Wind Energy, 23, 1810–1830, 2020. a
Peña, A. and Gryning, S.-E.: Charnock’s roughness length model and
non-dimensional wind profiles over the sea, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 128,
191–203, 2008. a
Peña, A., Dellwik, E., and Mann, J.: A method to assess the accuracy of sonic anemometer measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 237–252,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-237-2019, 2019.
a
Power Technology: Full circle: decommissioning the first ever offshore
windfarm,
https://www.power-technology.com/features/full-circle-decommissioning-first-ever-offshore-windfarm/
(last access: 28 March 2021), 2020. a
Putri, R., Obhrai, C., Jakobsen, J., and Ong, M.: Numerical Analysis of the
Effect of Offshore Turbulent Wind Inflow on the Response of a Spar Wind
Turbine, Energies, 13, 2506,
https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102506, 2020.
a
Robertson, A., Jonkman, J., Vorpahl, F., Popko, W., Qvist, J., Frøyd, L.,
Chen, X., Azcona, J., Uzunoglu, E., Guedes Soares, C., Luan, C., Yutong, H., Pengcheng, F., Yde, A., Larsen, T., Nichols, J., Buils, R., Lei, L., Anders Nygard, T., Manolas, D., Heege, A., Ringdalen Vatne, S., Ormberg, H., Duarte, T., Godreau, C., Fabricius Hansen, H., Wedel Nielsen, A., Riber, H., Le Cunff, C., Abele, R., Beyer, F., Yamaguchi, A., Jin Jung, K., Shin, H., Shi, W., Park, H., Alves, M., and Guérinel, M.: Offshore code comparison collaboration continuation within IEA wind task 30: phase II results regarding a floating semisubmersible wind system, in: vol. 45547, International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, V09BT09A012,
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/61154.pdf (last access:
21 December 2020), 2014. a
Robertson, A. N., Shaler, K., Sethuraman, L., and Jonkman, J.: Sensitivity analysis of the effect of wind characteristics and turbine properties on wind turbine loads, Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 479–513,
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-479-2019, 2019.
a
Rosner, B.: Percentage points for a generalized ESD many-outlier procedure,
Technometrics, 25, 165–172, 1983. a
Sacré, C. and Delaunay, D.: Structure spatiale de la turbulence au cours de vents forts sur differents sites, J. Wind Eng. Indust. Aerodynam., 41, 295–303, 1992. a
Sanchez Gomez, M. and Lundquist, J. K.: The effect of wind direction shear on turbine performance in a wind farm in central Iowa, Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 125–139,
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-125-2020, 2020.
a
Sathe, A., Mann, J., Barlas, T., Bierbooms, W., and van Bussel, G.: Influence
of atmospheric stability on wind turbine loads, Wind Energy, 16, 1013–1032,
2013. a
Sempreviva, A. M. and Gryning, S. E.: Humidity fluctuations in the marine
boundary layer measured at a coastal site with an infrared humidity sensor,
Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 77, 331–352, 1996. a
Sheinman, Y. and Rosen, A.: A dynamic model of the influence of turbulence on
the power output of a wind turbine, J. Wind Eng. Indust. Aerodynam., 39, 329–341, 1992. a
Sjöblom, A. and Smedman, A.-S.: Vertical structure in the marine
atmospheric boundary layer and its implication for the inertial dissipation
method, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 109, 1–25, 2003a. a
Sjöblom, A. and Smedman, A.-S.: Vertical structure in the marine
atmospheric boundary layer and its implication for the inertial dissipation
method, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 109, 1–25, 2003b. a
Tamura, H., Drennan, W. M., Collins, C. O., and Graber, H. C.: Turbulent
airflow and wave-induced stress over the ocean, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 169, 47–66, 2018. a
Taylor, G. I.: The spectrum of turbulence, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 164, 476–490, 1938. a
Van der Hoven, I.: Power spectrum of horizontal wind speed in the frequency
range from 0.0007 to 900 cycles per hour, J. Atmos. Sci., 14, 160–164, 1957. a
Veers, P., Dykes, K., Lantz, E., Barth, S., Bottasso, C. L., Carlson, O.,
Clifton, A., Green, J., Green, P., Holttinen, H., Laird, D., Lehtomäki, V., Lundquist, J. K., Manwell, J., Marquis, M., Meneveau, C., Moriarty, P.,
Munduate, X., Muskulus, M., Naughton, J., Pao, L., Paquette, J., Peinke, J., Robertson, A., Sanz Rodrigo, J., Sempreviva, A. M., Smith, J. C., Tuohy, A., and Wiser, R.: Grand challenges in the science of wind energy, Science, 366, eaau2027,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2027, 2019.
a,
b
Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14, 512–526, 1997. a
Weber, R. O.: Remarks on the definition and estimation of friction velocity,
Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 93, 197–209, 1999. a
Weiler, H. S. and Burling, R.: Direct measurements of stress and spectra of
turbulence in the boundary layer over the sea, J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 653–664, 1967. a
Welch, P.: The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power
spectra: a method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms,
IEEE T. Audio Electroacoust., 15, 70–73, 1967. a
Wendell, L., Gower, G., Morris, V., and Tomich, S.: Wind turbulence
characterization for wind energy development, Tech. rep., Pacific Northwest
Lab., Richland, WA, USA,
https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/602073 (last access: 3 November 2021), 1991. a
Wilczak, J., Oncley, S., and Stage, S.: Sonic anemometer tilt correction
algorithms, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 127–150, 2001.
a,
b
WMO: Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation,
Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization, ISBN 978-92-63-10008-5, 2008. a
Wyngaard, J. C.: On the surface-layer turbulence, in: Workshop on Micrometeorology, edited by: Haugen, D. A., American Meteorological Society, 101–149,
https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1570291225953095424 (last access:
1 March 2021), 1973. a
Wyngaard, J. C. and Coté, O. R.: The budgets of turbulent kinetic energy and temperature variance in the atmospheric surface layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 190–201, 1971. a
