Articles | Volume 8, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1553-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1553-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Oct 2023
Research article |
| 24 Oct 2023
| 24 Oct 2023
Analysis and multi-objective optimisation of wind turbine torque control strategies
Flow Physics and Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Delft Center for Systems and Control, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Sebastiaan Paul Mulders
Delft Center for Systems and Control, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Yichao Liu
Delft Center for Systems and Control, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Simon Watson
Flow Physics and Technology, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Delft Center for Systems and Control, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
Related authors
Livia Brandetti, Sebastiaan Paul Mulders, Roberto Merino-Martinez, Simon Watson, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 471–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-471-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-471-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research presents a multi-objective optimisation approach to balance vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) performance and noise, comparing the combined wind speed estimator and tip-speed ratio (WSE–TSR) tracking controller with a baseline. Psychoacoustic annoyance is used as a novel metric for human perception of wind turbine noise. Results showcase the WSE–TSR tracking controller’s potential in trading off the considered objectives, thereby fostering the deployment of VAWTs in urban areas.
Unai Gutierrez Santiago, Aemilius A. W. van Vondelen, Alfredo Fernández Sisón, Henk Polinder, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 207–225, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-207-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-207-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing the loads applied to wind turbine gearboxes throughout their service life is becoming increasingly important as maintaining reliability with higher torque density demands is proving to be challenging. Operational deflection shapes identified from fiber-optic strain measurements have enabled the estimation of input torque, improving the assessment of the consumed life. Tracking operational deflection shapes recursively over time can potentially be used as an indicator of fault detection.
Jesse Ishi Storm Hummel, Jens Kober, and Sebastiaan Paul Mulders
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-153, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-153, 2025
Preprint under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
Wind turbines have grown dramatically over the last decades. Since wind speed increases with height, each blade experiences high wind speed when pointing up and less wind when pointing down, causing oscillations. These oscillations can be reduced with individual pitch control (IPC), at the expense of constant blade actuation, hindering industry adoption. This work proposes two output-constrained IPC methods to facilitate the trade-off between load reduction and actuation increase.
Oriol Cayon, Simon Watson, and Roland Schmehl
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-182, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-182, 2025
Preprint under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
This study demonstrates how kites used to generate wind energy can act as sensors to measure wind conditions and system behaviour. By combining data from existing sensors, such as those measuring position, speed, and forces on the tether, a sensor fusion technique accurately estimates wind conditions and kite performance. This approach can be integrated into control systems to help optimise energy generation and enhance the reliability of these systems in changing wind conditions.
Claudia Muscari, Paolo Schito, Axelle Viré, Alberto Zasso, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-149, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-149, 2025
Preprint under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the findings of a study aimed at describing the flow system downstream of a wind turbine operated with a novel control technology. Results from heavy high-fidelity simulations are used to obtain a low-fidelity model that is quick enough to be used for the optimization of such technologies. Additionally, we were able to retrieve an improved understanding of the physics of such systems under different inflow conditions.
Mehtab Ahmed Khan, Dries Allaerts, Simon J. Watson, and Matthew J. Churchfield
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-138, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-138, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
To guide realistic atmospheric gravity wave simulations, we conduct an LES study of flow over a 2D hill and through a wind farm canopy, examining optimal domain size and Rayleigh damping layer setup. Wave properties based on a Froude number determine optimal domain and damping parameters. Reasonably accurate solutions require the domain length exceed the effective horizontal wavelength, height and damping thickness equal a vertical wavelength, and normalized-damping coefficient between 1–10.
Marcus Becker, Maxime Lejeune, Philippe Chatelain, Dries Allaerts, Rafael Mudafort, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-150, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-150, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
Established turbine wake models are steady-state. This paper presents an open-source dynamic wake modeling framework that compliments established steady-state wake models with dynamics. It is advantageous over steady-state wake models to describe wind farm power and energy over shorter periods. The model enables researchers to investigate the effectiveness of wind farm flow control strategies. This leads to a better utilization of wind farms and allows their use to the full extent.
Guido Lazzerini, Jacob Deleuran Grunnet, Tobias Gybel Hovgaard, Fabio Caponetti, Vasu Datta Madireddi, Delphine De Tavernier, and Sebastiaan Paul Mulders
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-151, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-151, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
Large wind turbines face design challenges due to increased flexibility of blades. Conventional control strategies fail under large deformations, impacting performance. We present COFLEX, a feedforward-feedback control scheme, addressing flexibility and overcoming the limitations of conventional strategies. By testing it on the IEA 15 MW turbine with realistic wind conditions, we demonstrated improvements to power by up to 5 %, while constraining blade deflections.
Atindriyo Kusumo Pamososuryo, Fabio Spagnolo, and Sebastiaan Paul Mulders
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-158, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-158, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
As wind turbines grow in size, measuring wind speed accurately becomes harder, impacting their performance. Traditional sensors cannot capture wind variations across large rotor areas. To address this, a new method is developed to estimate wind speed accurately, accounting for these variations. Using mid-fidelity simulations, our approach showed better tracking, noise resilience, and easy tuning for different turbine sizes.
Majid Bastankhah, Marcus Becker, Matthew Churchfield, Caroline Draxl, Jay Prakash Goit, Mehtab Khan, Luis A. Martinez Tossas, Johan Meyers, Patrick Moriarty, Wim Munters, Asim Önder, Sara Porchetta, Eliot Quon, Ishaan Sood, Nicole van Lipzig, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, Paul Veers, and Simon Watson
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 2171–2174, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2171-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2171-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dries Allaerts was born on 19 May 1989 and passed away at his home in Wezemaal, Belgium, on 10 October 2024 after battling cancer. Dries started his wind energy career in 2012 and had a profound impact afterward on the community, in terms of both his scientific realizations and his many friendships and collaborations in the field. His scientific acumen, open spirit of collaboration, positive attitude towards life, and playful and often cheeky sense of humor will be deeply missed by many.
Matteo Baricchio, Pieter M. O. Gebraad, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 2113–2132, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2113-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2113-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wake steering can be integrated into wind farm layout optimization through a co-design approach. This study estimates the potential of this method for a wide range of realistic conditions, adopting a tailored genetic algorithm and novel geometric yaw relations. A gain in the annual energy yield between 0.3 % and 0.4 % is obtained for a 16-tubrine farm, and a multi-objective implementation is used to limit loss in the case that wake steering is not used during farm operation.
Marion Coquelet, Maxime Lejeune, Laurent Bricteux, Aemilius A. W. van Vondelen, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, and Philippe Chatelain
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1923–1940, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1923-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1923-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An extended Kalman filter is used to estimate the wind impinging on a wind turbine based on the blade bending moments and a turbine model. Using large-eddy simulations, this paper verifies how robust the estimator is to the turbine control strategy as it impacts loads and operating parameters. It is shown that including dynamics in the turbine model to account for delays between actuation and bending moments is needed to maintain the accuracy of the estimator when dynamic pitch control is used.
Amr Hegazy, Peter Naaijen, Vincent Leroy, Félicien Bonnefoy, Mohammad Rasool Mojallizadeh, Yves Pérignon, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1669–1688, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1669-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1669-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Successful wave tank experiments were conducted to evaluate the feedforward (FF) control strategy benefits in terms of structural loads and power quality of floating wind turbine components. The wave FF control strategy is effective when it comes to alleviating the effects of the wave forces on the floating offshore wind turbines, whereas wave FF control requires a significant amount of actuation to minimize the platform pitch motion, which makes such technology unfavorable for that objective.
Maarten J. van den Broek, Marcus Becker, Benjamin Sanderse, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 721–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-721-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-721-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wind turbine wakes negatively affect wind farm performance as they impinge on downstream rotors. Wake steering reduces these losses by redirecting wakes using yaw misalignment of the upstream rotor. We develop a novel control strategy based on model predictions to implement wake steering under time-varying conditions. The controller is tested in a high-fidelity simulation environment and improves wind farm power output compared to a state-of-the-art reference controller.
Livia Brandetti, Sebastiaan Paul Mulders, Roberto Merino-Martinez, Simon Watson, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 471–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-471-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-471-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research presents a multi-objective optimisation approach to balance vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) performance and noise, comparing the combined wind speed estimator and tip-speed ratio (WSE–TSR) tracking controller with a baseline. Psychoacoustic annoyance is used as a novel metric for human perception of wind turbine noise. Results showcase the WSE–TSR tracking controller’s potential in trading off the considered objectives, thereby fostering the deployment of VAWTs in urban areas.
Maarten J. van den Broek, Delphine De Tavernier, Paul Hulsman, Daan van der Hoek, Benjamin Sanderse, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1909–1925, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1909-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1909-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As wind turbines produce power, they leave behind wakes of slow-moving air. We analyse three different models to predict the effects of these wakes on downstream wind turbines. The models are validated with experimental data from wind tunnel studies for steady and time-varying conditions. We demonstrate that the models are suitable for optimally controlling wind turbines to improve power production in large wind farms.
Serkan Kartal, Sukanta Basu, and Simon J. Watson
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1533–1551, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1533-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1533-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Peak wind gust is a crucial meteorological variable for wind farm planning and operations. Unfortunately, many wind farms do not have on-site measurements of it. In this paper, we propose a machine-learning approach (called INTRIGUE, decIsioN-TRee-based wInd GUst Estimation) that utilizes numerous inputs from a public-domain reanalysis dataset, generating long-term, site-specific peak wind gust series.
Sarah J. Ollier and Simon J. Watson
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1179–1200, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1179-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1179-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This modelling study shows that topographic trapped lee waves (TLWs) modify flow behaviour and power output in offshore wind farms. We demonstrate that TLWs can substantially alter the wind speeds at individual wind turbines and effect the power output of the turbine and whole wind farm. The impact on wind speeds and power is dependent on which part of the TLW wave cycle interacts with the wind turbines and wind farm. Positive and negative impacts of TLWs on power output are observed.
Daniel van den Berg, Delphine de Tavernier, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 849–864, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-849-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-849-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Wind turbines placed in farms interact with their wake, lowering the power production of the wind farm. This can be mitigated using so-called wake mixing techniques. This work investigates the coupling between the pulse wake mixing technique and the motion of floating wind turbines using the pulse. Frequency response experiments and time domain simulations show that extra movement is undesired and that the
optimalexcitation frequency is heavily platform dependent.
Johan Meyers, Carlo Bottasso, Katherine Dykes, Paul Fleming, Pieter Gebraad, Gregor Giebel, Tuhfe Göçmen, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2271–2306, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2271-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2271-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a comprehensive overview of the state of the art and the outstanding challenges in wind farm flow control, thus identifying the key research areas that could further enable commercial uptake and success. To this end, we have structured the discussion on challenges and opportunities into four main areas: (1) insight into control flow physics, (2) algorithms and AI, (3) validation and industry implementation, and (4) integrating control with system design
(co-design).
Marcus Becker, Bastian Ritter, Bart Doekemeijer, Daan van der Hoek, Ulrich Konigorski, Dries Allaerts, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2163–2179, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2163-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present a revised dynamic control-oriented wind farm model. The model can simulate turbine wake behaviour in heterogeneous and changing wind conditions at a very low computational cost. It utilizes a three-dimensional turbine wake model which also allows capturing vertical wind speed differences. The model could be used to maximise the power generation of with farms, even during events like a wind direction change. It is publicly available and open for further development.
Tuhfe Göçmen, Filippo Campagnolo, Thomas Duc, Irene Eguinoa, Søren Juhl Andersen, Vlaho Petrović, Lejla Imširović, Robert Braunbehrens, Jaime Liew, Mads Baungaard, Maarten Paul van der Laan, Guowei Qian, Maria Aparicio-Sanchez, Rubén González-Lope, Vinit V. Dighe, Marcus Becker, Maarten J. van den Broek, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, Adam Stock, Matthew Cole, Renzo Ruisi, Ervin Bossanyi, Niklas Requate, Simon Strnad, Jonas Schmidt, Lukas Vollmer, Ishaan Sood, and Johan Meyers
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1791–1825, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1791-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1791-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The FarmConners benchmark is the first of its kind to bring a wide variety of data sets, control settings, and model complexities for the (initial) assessment of wind farm flow control benefits. Here we present the first part of the benchmark results for three blind tests with large-scale rotors and 11 participating models in total, via direct power comparisons at the turbines as well as the observed or estimated power gain at the wind farm level under wake steering control strategy.
Daan van der Hoek, Joeri Frederik, Ming Huang, Fulvio Scarano, Carlos Simao Ferreira, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1305–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1305-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a wind tunnel experiment where dynamic induction control was implemented on a small-scale turbine. By periodically changing the pitch angle of the blades, the low-velocity turbine wake is perturbed, and hence it recovers at a faster rate. Small particles were released in the flow and subsequently recorded with a set of high-speed cameras. This allowed us to reconstruct the flow behind the turbine and investigate the effect of dynamic induction control on the wake.
Yichao Liu, Riccardo Ferrari, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 523–537, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-523-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-523-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of the paper is to develop a data-driven output-constrained individual pitch control approach, which will not only mitigate the blade loads but also reduce the pitch activities. This is achieved by only reducing the blade loads violating a user-defined bound, which leads to an economically viable load control strategy. The proposed control strategy shows promising results of load reduction in the wake-rotor overlapping and turbulent sheared wind conditions.
Unai Gutierrez Santiago, Alfredo Fernández Sisón, Henk Polinder, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 505–521, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-505-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-505-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The gearbox is one of the main contributors to the overall cost of wind energy, and it is acknowledged that we still do not fully understand its loading. The study presented in this paper develops a new alternative method to measure input rotor torque in wind turbine gearboxes, overcoming the drawbacks related to measuring on a rotating shaft. The method presented in this paper could make measuring gearbox torque more cost-effective, which would facilitate its adoption in serial wind turbines.
Amir R. Nejad, Jonathan Keller, Yi Guo, Shawn Sheng, Henk Polinder, Simon Watson, Jianning Dong, Zian Qin, Amir Ebrahimi, Ralf Schelenz, Francisco Gutiérrez Guzmán, Daniel Cornel, Reza Golafshan, Georg Jacobs, Bart Blockmans, Jelle Bosmans, Bert Pluymers, James Carroll, Sofia Koukoura, Edward Hart, Alasdair McDonald, Anand Natarajan, Jone Torsvik, Farid K. Moghadam, Pieter-Jan Daems, Timothy Verstraeten, Cédric Peeters, and Jan Helsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 387–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-387-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-387-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the state-of-the-art technologies and development trends of wind turbine drivetrains – the energy conversion systems transferring the kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy – in different stages of their life cycle: design, manufacturing, installation, operation, lifetime extension, decommissioning and recycling. The main aim of this article is to review the drivetrain technology development as well as to identify future challenges and research gaps.
Aemilius A. W. van Vondelen, Sachin T. Navalkar, Alexandros Iliopoulos, Daan C. van der Hoek, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 161–184, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-161-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-161-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The damping of an offshore wind turbine is a difficult physical quantity to predict, although it plays a major role in a cost-effective turbine design. This paper presents a review of all approaches that can be used for damping estimation directly from operational wind turbine data. As each use case is different, a novel suitability table is presented to enable the user to choose the most appropriate approach for the given availability and characteristics of measurement data.
Alessandro Fontanella, Mees Al, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 885–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-885-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-885-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Floating wind is a key technology to harvest the abundant wind energy resource of deep waters. This research introduces a new way of controlling the wind turbine to better deal with the action of waves. The turbine is made aware of the incoming waves, and the information is exploited to enhance power production.
Bart M. Doekemeijer, Stefan Kern, Sivateja Maturu, Stoyan Kanev, Bastian Salbert, Johannes Schreiber, Filippo Campagnolo, Carlo L. Bottasso, Simone Schuler, Friedrich Wilts, Thomas Neumann, Giancarlo Potenza, Fabio Calabretta, Federico Fioretti, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 159–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents the results of a field experiment investigating wake steering on an onshore wind farm. The measurements show that wake steering leads to increases in power production of up to 35 % for two-turbine interactions and up to 16 % for three-turbine interactions. However, losses in power production are seen for various regions of wind directions. The results suggest that further research is necessary before wake steering will consistently lead to energy gains in wind farms.
Bedassa R. Cheneka, Simon J. Watson, and Sukanta Basu
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1731–1741, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1731-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1731-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Wind power ramps have important characteristics for the planning and integration of wind power production into electricity. We present a new and simple algorithm that detects wind power ramp characteristics. The algorithm classifies wind power production into ramp-ups, ramp-downs, and no-ramps; and it can detect wind power ramp characteristics that show a temporal increasing (decreasing) power capacity.
Mark Schelbergen, Peter C. Kalverla, Roland Schmehl, and Simon J. Watson
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1097–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1097-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1097-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have presented a methodology for including multiple wind profile shapes in a wind resource description that are identified using a data-driven approach. These shapes go beyond the height range for which conventional wind profile relationships are developed. Moreover, they include non-monotonic shapes such as low-level jets. We demonstrated this methodology for an on- and offshore reference location using DOWA data and efficiently estimated the annual energy production of a pumping AWE system.
Joeri Alexis Frederik, Robin Weber, Stefano Cacciola, Filippo Campagnolo, Alessandro Croce, Carlo Bottasso, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 245–257, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-245-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The interaction between wind turbines in a wind farm through their wakes is a widely studied research area. Until recently, research was focused on finding constant turbine inputs that optimize the performance of the wind farm. However, recent studies have shown that time-varying, dynamic inputs might be more beneficial. In this paper, the validity of this approach is further investigated by implementing it in scaled wind tunnel experiments and assessing load effects, showing promising results.
Steffen Raach, Bart Doekemeijer, Sjoerd Boersma, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, and Po Wen Cheng
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2019-54, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2019-54, 2019
Publication in WES not foreseen
Short summary
Short summary
The presented work combines two control approaches of wake redirection control, feedforward wake redirection and feedback wake redirction. In our previous investigatins the lidar-assisted feedback control was studied and the advantages and disadvantages were discussed. The optimal yaw angles for the wind turbines are precomputed, the feedback takes care of uncertainties and disturbances. The concept is demonstrated in a high fidelity simulation model.
Hector Mendez Reyes, Stoyan Kanev, Bart Doekemeijer, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 549–561, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-549-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-549-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Within wind farms, the wind turbines interact with each other through their wakes. Turbines operating in these wakes have lower power production and increased wear and tear. Wake redirection is control strategy to steer the wakes aside from downstream turbines, increasing the power yield of the farm. Models for predicting the power gain and impacts on wear exist, but they are still immature and require validation. The validation of such a model is the purpose of this paper.
Andreas Rott, Bart Doekemeijer, Janna Kristina Seifert, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 869–882, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-869-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-869-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Active wake deflection (AWD) aims to increase the power output of a wind farm by misaligning the yaw of upstream turbines. We analysed the effect of dynamic wind direction changes on AWD. The results show that AWD is very sensitive towards these dynamics. Therefore, we present a robust active wake control, which considers uncertainties and wind direction changes, increasing the overall power output of a wind farm. A side effect is a significant reduction of the yaw actuation of the turbines.
Bart M. Doekemeijer, Sjoerd Boersma, Lucy Y. Pao, Torben Knudsen, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 749–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-749-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-749-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Most wind farm control algorithms in the literature rely on a simplified mathematical model that requires constant calibration to the current conditions. This paper provides such an estimation algorithm for a dynamic model capturing the turbine power production and flow field at hub height. Performance was demonstrated in high-fidelity simulations for two-turbine and nine-turbine farms, accurately estimating the ambient conditions and wind field inside the farms at a low computational cost.
Sebastiaan Paul Mulders, Niels Frederik Boudewijn Diepeveen, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 615–638, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-615-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-615-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The modeling, operating strategy, and controller design for an actual in-field wind turbine with a fixed-displacement hydraulic drivetrain are presented. An analysis is given on a passive torque control strategy for below-rated operation. The turbine lacks the option to influence the system torque by a generator, so the turbine is regulated by a spear valve in the region between below- and above-rated operation. The control design is evaluated on a real-world 500 kW hydraulic wind turbine.
Sjoerd Boersma, Bart Doekemeijer, Mehdi Vali, Johan Meyers, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 75–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-75-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-75-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Controlling the flow within wind farms to reduce the fatigue loads and provide grid facilities such as the delivery of a demanded power is a challenging control problem due to the underlying time-varying non-linear wake dynamics. In this paper, a control-oriented dynamical wind farm model is presented and validated with high-fidelity wind farm models. In contrast to the latter models, the model presented in this work is computationally efficient and hence suitable for online wind farm control.
Cian J. Desmond, Simon J. Watson, Christiane Montavon, and Jimmy Murphy
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2017-34, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2017-34, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The flow over densely forested terrain under neutral and non-neutral conditions is considered using commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Results are validated against data from a site in North-Eastern France. It is shown that the effects of both neutral and stable atmospheric stratifications can be modelled numerically using state of the art methodologies whilst unstable stratifications remain elusive.
Edwin van Solingen, Sebastiaan Paul Mulders, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 153–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-153-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-153-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper is to show that with an automated tuning strategy, wind turbine control performance can be significantly increased. To this end, iterative feedback tuning (IFT) is applied to two different turbine controllers. The results obtained by high-fidelity simulations indicate significant performance improvements over baseline controllers. It is concluded that IFT of turbine controllers has the potential to become a valuable tool for improving wind turbine performance.
Sachin T. Navalkar, Lars O. Bernhammer, Jurij Sodja, Edwin van Solingen, Gijs A. M. van Kuik, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 205–220, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-205-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-205-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In order to reduce the cost of wind energy, it is necessary to reduce the loads that wind turbines withstand over their lifetime. The combination of blade rotation with newly designed blade shape changing actuators is demonstrated experimentally. While load reduction is achieved, the additional flexibility implies that careful control design is needed to avoid instability.
G. A. M. van Kuik, J. Peinke, R. Nijssen, D. Lekou, J. Mann, J. N. Sørensen, C. Ferreira, J. W. van Wingerden, D. Schlipf, P. Gebraad, H. Polinder, A. Abrahamsen, G. J. W. van Bussel, J. D. Sørensen, P. Tavner, C. L. Bottasso, M. Muskulus, D. Matha, H. J. Lindeboom, S. Degraer, O. Kramer, S. Lehnhoff, M. Sonnenschein, P. E. Sørensen, R. W. Künneke, P. E. Morthorst, and K. Skytte
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 1–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-1-2016, 2016
Related subject area
Thematic area: Dynamics and control | Topic: Wind turbine control
Control Strategies for Multirotor Wind Turbines
Brief communication: Real-time estimation of the optimal tip-speed ratio for controlling wind turbines with degraded blades
On the robustness of a blade-load-based wind speed estimator to dynamic pitch control strategies
The potential of wave feedforward control for floating wind turbines: a wave tank experiment
Assessing the impact of waves and platform dynamics on floating wind-turbine energy production
Combining wake redirection and derating strategies in a load-constrained wind farm power maximization
Multi-objective calibration of vertical-axis wind turbine controllers: balancing aero-servo-elastic performance and noise
Feedforward pitch control for a 15 MW wind turbine using a spinner-mounted single-beam lidar
Wind vane correction during yaw misalignment for horizontal-axis wind turbines
Increased power gains from wake steering control using preview wind direction information
Damping analysis of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs): a new control strategy reducing the platform vibrations
Assessing lidar-assisted feedforward and multivariable feedback controls for large floating wind turbines
Prognostics-based adaptive control strategy for lifetime control of wind turbines
Platform yaw drift in upwind floating wind turbines with single-point-mooring system and its mitigation by individual pitch control
Evaluation of lidar-assisted wind turbine control under various turbulence characteristics
FarmConners wind farm flow control benchmark – Part 1: Blind test results
Demonstration of a fault impact reduction control module for wind turbines
Lidar-assisted model predictive control of wind turbine fatigue via online rainflow counting considering stress history
Finn Matras and Morten Dinhoff Pedersen
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-185, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2024-185, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
Wind energy has been dominated by ever-increasing single-rotor wind turbines. The structural scaling laws make multirotor windturbines attractive, as they can achieve similar power outputs but work with, rather than against, the scaling laws. This work investigates high-level control strategies for a 23-rotor multirotor windturbine, including the aerodynamic interactions between the rotors, and suggests an alternative to pitch control using multirotor furling.
Devesh Kumar and Mario A. Rotea
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 2133–2146, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2133-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-2133-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The performance of a wind turbine is affected by blade surface degradation due to wear and tear, dirt, bugs, and icing. As blades degrade, optimal operating points such as the tip-speed ratio (TSR) can change. Re-tuning the TSR to its new optimal value can lead to recovery of energy losses under blade degradation. In this work, we utilize a real-time algorithm to re-tune the TSR to its new unknown optimal value under blade degradation and demonstrate energy gains using simulations.
Marion Coquelet, Maxime Lejeune, Laurent Bricteux, Aemilius A. W. van Vondelen, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, and Philippe Chatelain
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1923–1940, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1923-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1923-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An extended Kalman filter is used to estimate the wind impinging on a wind turbine based on the blade bending moments and a turbine model. Using large-eddy simulations, this paper verifies how robust the estimator is to the turbine control strategy as it impacts loads and operating parameters. It is shown that including dynamics in the turbine model to account for delays between actuation and bending moments is needed to maintain the accuracy of the estimator when dynamic pitch control is used.
Amr Hegazy, Peter Naaijen, Vincent Leroy, Félicien Bonnefoy, Mohammad Rasool Mojallizadeh, Yves Pérignon, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1669–1688, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1669-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1669-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Successful wave tank experiments were conducted to evaluate the feedforward (FF) control strategy benefits in terms of structural loads and power quality of floating wind turbine components. The wave FF control strategy is effective when it comes to alleviating the effects of the wave forces on the floating offshore wind turbines, whereas wave FF control requires a significant amount of actuation to minimize the platform pitch motion, which makes such technology unfavorable for that objective.
Alessandro Fontanella, Giorgio Colpani, Marco De Pascali, Sara Muggiasca, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1393–1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1393-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1393-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Waves can boost a floating wind turbine's power output by moving its rotor against the wind. Studying this, we used four models to explore the impact of waves and platform dynamics on turbines in the Mediterranean. We found that wind turbulence, not waves, primarily affects power fluctuations. In real conditions, floating wind turbines produce less energy compared to fixed-bottom ones, mainly due to platform tilt.
Alessandro Croce, Stefano Cacciola, and Federico Isella
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1211–1227, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1211-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1211-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For a few years now, various techniques have been studied to maximize the energy production of a wind farm, that is, from a system consisting of several wind turbines. These wind farm controller techniques are often analyzed individually and can generate loads higher than the design ones on the individual wind turbine. In this paper we study the simultaneous use of two different techniques with the goal of finding the optimal combination that at the same time preserves the design loads.
Livia Brandetti, Sebastiaan Paul Mulders, Roberto Merino-Martinez, Simon Watson, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 471–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-471-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-471-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This research presents a multi-objective optimisation approach to balance vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) performance and noise, comparing the combined wind speed estimator and tip-speed ratio (WSE–TSR) tracking controller with a baseline. Psychoacoustic annoyance is used as a novel metric for human perception of wind turbine noise. Results showcase the WSE–TSR tracking controller’s potential in trading off the considered objectives, thereby fostering the deployment of VAWTs in urban areas.
Wei Fu, Feng Guo, David Schlipf, and Alfredo Peña
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1893–1907, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1893-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1893-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A high-quality preview of the rotor-effective wind speed is a key element of the benefits of feedforward pitch control. We model a one-beam lidar in the spinner of a 15 MW wind turbine. The lidar rotates with the wind turbine and scans the inflow in a circular pattern, mimicking a multiple-beam lidar at a lower cost. We found that a spinner-based one-beam lidar provides many more control benefits than the one on the nacelle, which is similar to a four-beam nacelle lidar for feedforward control.
Andreas Rott, Leo Höning, Paul Hulsman, Laura J. Lukassen, Christof Moldenhauer, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1755–1770, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1755-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1755-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines wind vane measurements of commercial wind turbines and their impact on yaw control. The authors discovered that rotor interference can cause an overestimation of wind vane measurements, leading to overcorrection of the yaw controller. A correction function that improves the yaw behaviour is presented and validated in free-field experiments on a commercial wind turbine. This work provides new insights into wind direction measurements and suggests ways to optimize yaw control.
Balthazar Arnoldus Maria Sengers, Andreas Rott, Eric Simley, Michael Sinner, Gerald Steinfeld, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1693–1710, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1693-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1693-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Unexpected wind direction changes are undesirable, especially when performing wake steering. This study explores whether the yaw controller can benefit from accessing wind direction information before a change reaches the turbine. Results from two models with different fidelities demonstrate that wake steering can indeed benefit from preview information.
Matteo Capaldo and Paul Mella
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1319–1339, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1319-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1319-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The controller impacts the movements, loads and yield of wind turbines.
Standard controllers are not adapted for floating, and they can lead to underperformances and overloads. New control strategies, considering the coupling between the floating dynamics and the rotor dynamics, are necessary to reduce platform movements and to improve performances. This work proposes a new control strategy adapted to floating wind, showing a reduction in loads without affecting the power production.
Feng Guo and David Schlipf
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1299–1317, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1299-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1299-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper assesses lidar-assisted collective pitch feedforward (LACPF) and multi-variable feedback (MVFB) controls for the IEA 15.0 MW reference turbine. The main contributions of this work include (a) optimizing a four-beam pulsed lidar for a large turbine, (b) optimal tuning of speed regulation gains and platform feedback gains for the MVFB and LACPF controllers, and (c) assessing the benefits of the two control strategies using realistic offshore turbulence spectral characteristics.
Edwin Kipchirchir, M. Hung Do, Jackson G. Njiri, and Dirk Söffker
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 575–588, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-575-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-575-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, an adaptive control strategy for controlling the lifetime of wind turbine components is proposed. Performance of the lifetime controller is adapted based on real-time health status of the rotor blades to guarantee a predefined lifetime. It shows promising results in lifetime control of blades without speed regulation and tower load mitigation trade-off. It can be applied in optimizing maintenance scheduling of wind farms, which increases reliability and reduces maintenance costs.
Iñaki Sandua-Fernández, Felipe Vittori, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Irene Eguinoa, and José Azcona-Armendáriz
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 277–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-277-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-277-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work analyses in detail the causes of the yaw drift in floating offshore wind turbines with a single-point-mooring system induced by an upwind wind turbine. The ability of an individual pitch control strategy based on yaw misalignment is demonstrated through simulations using the NREL 5 MW wind turbine mounted on a single-point-mooring version of the DeepCwind OC4 floating platform. This effect is considered to be relevant for all single-point-moored concepts.
Feng Guo, David Schlipf, and Po Wen Cheng
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 149–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-149-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-149-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The benefits of lidar-assisted control are evaluated using both the Mann model and Kaimal model-based 4D turbulence, considering the variation of turbulence parameters. Simulations are performed for the above-rated mean wind speed, using the NREL 5.0 MW reference wind turbine and a four-beam lidar system. Using lidar-assisted control reduces the variations in rotor speed, pitch rate, tower base fore–aft bending moment, and electrical power significantly.
Tuhfe Göçmen, Filippo Campagnolo, Thomas Duc, Irene Eguinoa, Søren Juhl Andersen, Vlaho Petrović, Lejla Imširović, Robert Braunbehrens, Jaime Liew, Mads Baungaard, Maarten Paul van der Laan, Guowei Qian, Maria Aparicio-Sanchez, Rubén González-Lope, Vinit V. Dighe, Marcus Becker, Maarten J. van den Broek, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, Adam Stock, Matthew Cole, Renzo Ruisi, Ervin Bossanyi, Niklas Requate, Simon Strnad, Jonas Schmidt, Lukas Vollmer, Ishaan Sood, and Johan Meyers
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1791–1825, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1791-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1791-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The FarmConners benchmark is the first of its kind to bring a wide variety of data sets, control settings, and model complexities for the (initial) assessment of wind farm flow control benefits. Here we present the first part of the benchmark results for three blind tests with large-scale rotors and 11 participating models in total, via direct power comparisons at the turbines as well as the observed or estimated power gain at the wind farm level under wake steering control strategy.
Benjamin Anderson and Edward Baring-Gould
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1753–1769, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our article proposes an easy-to-integrate wind turbine control module which mitigates wind turbine fault conditions and sends predictive information to the grid operator, all while maximizing power production. This gives the grid operator more time to react to faults with its dispatch decisions, easing the transition between different generators. This study aims to illustrate the controller’s functionality under various types of faults and highlight potential wind turbine and grid benefits.
Stefan Loew and Carlo L. Bottasso
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1605–1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1605-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1605-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This publication presents methods to improve the awareness and control of material fatigue for wind turbines. This is achieved by enhancing a sophisticated control algorithm which utilizes wind prediction information from a laser measurement device. The simulation results indicate that the novel algorithm significantly improves the economic performance of a wind turbine. This benefit is particularly high for situations when the prediction quality is low or the prediction time frame is short.
Cited articles
Abbas, N. J., Zalkind, D. S., Pao, L., and Wright, A.: A reference open-source controller for fixed and floating offshore wind turbines, Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 53–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-53-2022, 2022. a, b, c
Aström, K. J. and Murray, R. M.: Feedback systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers, Princeton University Press, 213–245 and 281–320, https://doi.org/10.1086/596297, 2010. a, b, c, d
Bottasso, C. L., Croce, A., Nam, Y., and Riboldi, C. E. D.: Power curve tracking in the presence of a tip speed constraint, Renew. Energy, 40, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.07.045, 2012. a
Boukhezzar, B. and Siguerdidjane, H.: Nonlinear control of variable speed wind turbines without wind speed measurement, in: Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, and the European Control Conference, CDC-ECC'05, 15 December 2005, Seville, Spain, 3456–3461, https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.2005.1582697, 2005. a
Brandetti, L.: Codes, data and plots underlying the publication: Analysis and multi-objective optimisation of wind turbine torque control strategies, Version 1, 4TU.ResearchData [code and data set], https://doi.org/10.4121/c63b45b0-2667-457b-b8d6-5a3c6941e8bd.v1, 2023 a, b
Brandetti, L., Liu, Y., Mulders, S. P., Ferreira, C., Watson, S., and van Wingerden, J. W.: On the ill-conditioning of the combined wind speed estimator and tip-speed ratio tracking control scheme, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 2265, 032085, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/3/032085, 2022. a, b, c
Burton, T., Jenkings, N., Sharpe, D., and Bossanyi, E. A.: Wind Energy Handbook, Wiley, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119992714, 2011. a
Ciri, U., Leonardi, S., and Rotea, M. A.: Evaluation of log-of-power extremum seeking control for wind turbines using large eddy simulations, Wind Energy, 22, 992–1002, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2336, 2018. a
Creaby, J., Li, Y., and Seem, J. E.: Maximizing Wind Turbine Energy Capture Using Multivariable Extremum Seeking Control, Wind Eng., 33, 361–387, 2009. a
Hovgaard, T. G., Boyd, S., and Jørgensen, J. B.: Model predictive control for wind power gradients, Wind Energy, 18, 991–1006, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1742, 2015. a
Johnson, K. E., Fingersh, L. J., Balas, M. J., and Pao, L. Y.: Methods for increasing region 2 power capture on a variable speed hawt, in: Collection of ASME Wind Energy Symposium Technical Papers AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 5–8 January 2004, Reno, Nevada, 103–113, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-350, 2004. a, b, c, d
Johnson, K. E., Pao, L. Y., Balas, M. J., Lee, J., and Fingersh, L. J.: Control of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines: Standard and Adaptive Techniques for Maximizing Energy Capture, IEEE Control Syst., 26, 70–81, https://doi.org/10.1109/MCS.2006.1636311, 2006. a, b
Komusanac, I., Brindley, G., Fraile, D., and Ramirez, L.: Wind energy in Europe – 2021 statistics and the outlook for 2022–2026, Tech. rep., Wind Europe, https://proceedings.windeurope.org/biplatform/rails/active (last access: 20 February 2023), 2022. a
Lara, M., Garrido, J., Ruz, M. L., and Vázquez, F.: Multi-objective optimization for simultaneously designing active control of tower vibrations and power control in wind turbines, Energy Rep., 9, 1637–1650, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.12.141, 2023. a
Lee, J. and Zhao, F.: Global Wind Report 2022, Tech. rep., https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2022/ (last access: 20 February 2023), 2022. a
Leith, D. J. and Leithead, W. E.: Implementation of wind turbine controllers, Int. J. Control, 66, 349–380, https://doi.org/10.1080/002071797224621, 1997. a, b, c
Leithead, W. E. and Connor, B.: Control of variable speed wind turbines: Design task, Int. J. Control, 73, 1189–1212, https://doi.org/10.1080/002071700417849, 2000. a
Liu, Y., Pamososuryo, A. K., Ferrari, R. M. G., and van Wingerden, J. W.: The Immersion and Invariance Wind Speed Estimator Revisited and New Results, IEEE Control Syst. Lett., 6, 361–366, https://doi.org/10.1109/LCSYS.2021.3076040, 2022. a, b, c
Miettinen, K.: Nonlinear multiobjective optimization, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5563-6, 1999. a
Mulders, S. P., Brandetti, L., Spagnolo, F., Liu, Y., Brandt, P., and van Wingerden, J. W.: A learning algorithm to advanced wind turbine controllers for the calibration of internal model uncertainties: A wind speed measurement-free approach, in: Proceedings of the 2023 American Control Conference (ACC 2023), 31 May–2 June 2023, San Diego, CA, USA, 1486–1492, https://doi.org/10.23919/ACC55779.2023.10156125, 2023. a, b
Odgaard, P. F., Larsen, L. F. S., Wisniewski, R., and Hovgaard, T. G.: On using Pareto optimality to tune a linear model predictive controller for wind turbines, Renew Energy, 87, 884–891, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.09.067, 2016. a
Ortega, R., Mancilla-David, F., and Jaramillo, F.: A globally convergent wind speed estimator for wind turbine systems, Int. J. Adapt. Control Sig. Process., 27, 413–425, https://doi.org/10.1002/acs.2319, 2013. a, b
Østergaard, K. Z., Brath, P., and Stoustrup, J.: Estimation of effective wind speed, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 75, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/75/1/012082, 2007. a
Ozdemir, A. A., Seilery, P., and Balas, G. J.: Benefits of preview wind information for region 2 wind turbine control, in: 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition 2013, 7–10 January 2013, Grapevine (Dallas/Ft. Worth Region), Texas, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-317, 2013. a
Pamososuryo, A., Liu, Y., Hovgaard, T., Ferrari, R., and van Wingerden, J. W.: Convex Economic Model Predictive Control for Blade Loads Mitigation on Wind Turbines, Wind Energy, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2869, in press, 2023. a
Pao, L. Y. and Johnson, K. E.: Control of wind turbines: approaches, challenges, and recent developments, IEEE Control Syst., 31, 44–62, https://doi.org/10.1109/MCS.2010.939962, 2011. a, b
Rotea, M. A.: Logarithmic power feedback for extremum seeking control of wind turbines, IFAC PapersOnLine, 50, 4504–4509, 2017. a
Soltani, M. N., Knudsen, T., Svenstrup, M., Wisniewski, R., Brath, P., Ortega, R., and Johnson, K.: Estimation of rotor effective wind speed: A comparison, IEEE T. Control Syst. Technol., 21, 1155–1167, https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2013.2260751, 2013. a
The MathWorks Inc.: MATLAB version: 9.11.0 (R2021b), https://www.mathworks.com (last access: 15 August 2023), 2021. a
United Nations: COP26: The Glasgow climate pact, Tech. rep., https://ukcop26.org/cop26-goals/ (last access: 15 Feburary 2023), 2021. a
van der Hooft, E. I., Schaak, P., and van Engelen, T. G.: Wind turbine control algorithms, Tech. rep., https://publications.tno.nl/publication/34628358/5H2cm6/c03111.pdf (last access: 10 April 2023), 2003. a
Veers, P., Dykes, K., Lantz, E., Barth, S., Bottasso, C. L., Carlson, O., Clifton, A., Green, J., Green, P., Holttinen, H., Laird, D., Lehtomäki, V., Lundquist, J. K., Manwell, J., Marquis, M., Meneveau, C., Moriarty, P., Munduate, X., Muskulus, M., Naughton, J., Pao, L., Paquette, J., Peinke, J., Robertson, A., Rodrigo, J. S., Sempreviva, A. M., Smith, J. C., Tuohy, A., and Wiser, R.: Grand challenges in the science of wind energy, Science, 366, 6464, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2027, 2019. a
Watson, S., Moro, A., Reis, V., Baniotopoulos, C., Barth, S., Bartoli, G., Bauer, F., Boelman, E., Bosse, D., Cherubini, A., Croce, A., Fagiano, L., Fontana, M., Gambier, A., Gkoumas, K., Golightly, C., Latour, M. I., Jamieson, P., Kaldellis, J., Macdonald, A., Murphy, J., Muskulus, M., Petrini, F., Pigolotti, L., Rasmussen, F., Schild, P., Schmehl, R., Stavridou, N., Tande, J., Taylor, N., Telsnig, T., and Wiser, R.: Future emerging technologies in the wind power sector: A European perspective, Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev., 113, 109270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109270, 2019. a
Xiao, Y., Li, Y., and Rotea, M. A.: Experimental evaluation of extremum seeking based region-2 controller for CART3 wind turbine, in: AIAA 2016 Sci-Tech Wind Energy Symposium, 4–8 January 2016, San Diego, California, USA, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-1737, 2016. a
Short summary
This research presents the additional benefits of applying an advanced combined wind speed estimator and tip-speed ratio tracking (WSE–TSR) controller compared to the baseline Kω2. Using a frequency-domain framework and an optimal calibration procedure, the WSE–TSR tracking control scheme shows a more flexible trade-off between conflicting objectives: power maximisation and load minimisation. Therefore, implementing this controller on large-scale wind turbines will facilitate their operation.
This research presents the additional benefits of applying an advanced combined wind speed...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint