Articles | Volume 8, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1403-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1403-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Sep 2023
Research article |
| 12 Sep 2023
| 12 Sep 2023
Towards smart blades for vertical axis wind turbines: different airfoil shapes and tip speed ratios
Mohammad Rasoul Tirandaz
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Environmental Design, University of Malta, Msida,
MSD 2080, Malta
Abdolrahim Rezaeiha
Building Physics Section, Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Building Physics and Services, Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
Daniel Micallef
Department of Environmental Design, University of Malta, Msida,
MSD 2080, Malta
Related subject area
Thematic area: Fluid mechanics | Topic: Wind turbine aerodynamics
Development and application of a mesh generator intended for unsteady vortex-lattice method simulations of wind turbines and wind farms
An experimental study on the aerodynamic loads of a floating offshore wind turbine under imposed motions
Developing a digital twin framework for wind tunnel testing: validation of turbulent inflow and airfoil load applications
Influence of rotor blade flexibility on the near-wake behavior of the NREL 5 MW wind turbine
Field-data-based validation of an aero-servo-elastic solver for high-fidelity large-eddy simulations of industrial wind turbines
An analytical linear two-dimensional actuator disc model and comparisons with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations
On the characteristics of the wake of a wind turbine undergoing large motions caused by a floating structure: an insight based on experiments and multi-fidelity simulations from the OC6 project Phase III
Forced-motion simulations of vortex-induced vibrations of wind turbine blades – a study of sensitivities
Aerodynamic model comparison for an X-shaped vertical-axis wind turbine
Numerical study of the unsteady blade root aerodynamics of a 2 MW wind turbine equipped with vortex generators
Wind turbine rotors in surge motion: New insights into unsteady aerodynamics of FOWT from experiments and simulations
An insight into the capability of the Actuator Line Method to resolve tip vortices
Generalized analytical body force model for actuator disc computations of wind turbines
Nonlinear inviscid aerodynamics of a wind turbine rotor in surge, sway, and yaw motions using a free-wake panel method
OC6 project Phase III: validation of the aerodynamic loading on a wind turbine rotor undergoing large motion caused by a floating support structure
A simple vortex model applied to an idealized rotor in sheared inflow
Comparison of free vortex wake and blade element momentum results against large-eddy simulation results for highly flexible turbines under challenging inflow conditions
Numerical simulations of ice accretion on wind turbine blades: are performance losses due to ice shape or surface roughness?
Progress in the validation of rotor aerodynamic codes using field data
A comparison of dynamic inflow models for the blade element momentum method
Multiple limit cycle amplitudes in high-fidelity predictions of standstill wind turbine blade vibrations
Model tests of a 10 MW semi-submersible floating wind turbine under waves and wind using hybrid method to integrate the rotor thrust and moments
Atmospheric rotating rig testing of a swept blade tip and comparison with multi-fidelity aeroelastic simulations
A WaveNet-based fully stochastic dynamic stall model
Experimental analysis of the dynamic inflow effect due to coherent gusts
High-Reynolds-number wind turbine blade equipped with root spoilers – Part 2: Impact on energy production and turbine lifetime
Wind tunnel investigation of the aerodynamic response of two 15 MW floating wind turbines
Vertical wake deflection for floating wind turbines by differential ballast control
High-fidelity aeroelastic analyses of wind turbines in complex terrain: fluid–structure interaction and aerodynamic modeling
Development of a wireless, non-intrusive, MEMS-based pressure and acoustic measurement system for large-scale operating wind turbine blades
How should the lift and drag forces be calculated from 2-D airfoil data for dihedral or coned wind turbine blades?
Bruno A. Roccia, Luis R. Ceballos, Marcos L. Verstraete, and Cristian G. Gebhardt
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 385–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the literature there is a lack of meshing tools when it comes to building aerodynamic grids of wind turbines/farms to be used along with potential flow solvers. In this work, we present a detailed description of the geometric modeling and computational implementation of an interactive mesh generator, named UVLMeshGen, for onshore/offshore wind farms. The work is completed by providing a series of aerodynamic results related to wind turbines/farms to show the capacity of the mesh generator.
Federico Taruffi, Felipe Novais, and Axelle Viré
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 343–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-343-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-343-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Floating wind turbines are subject to complex aerodynamics that are not yet fully understood. Lab-scale experiments are crucial for capturing these phenomena and validate numerical tools. This paper presents a new wind tunnel experimental setup able to study the response of a wind turbine rotor when subjected to prescribed motions in 6 degrees of freedom. The observed unsteady effects underscore the importance of pursuing research on the impact of floater motions on wind turbine performance.
Rishabh Mishra, Emmanuel Guilmineau, Ingrid Neunaber, and Caroline Braud
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 235–252, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the impact of turbulence on aerodynamic forces, we first model turbulent kinetic energy decay theoretically using the Taylor length scale and employ this model to create a digital wind tunnel replica for simulating grid-generated turbulence. Experimental validation shows good alignment among theory, simulations, and experiments, paving the way for aerodynamic simulations. Finally, we successfully use the digital replica to obtain force coefficients for a 2D rotor blade section.
Leo Höning, Laura J. Lukassen, Bernhard Stoevesandt, and Iván Herráez
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 203–218, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-203-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-203-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes the impact of wind turbine rotor blade flexibility on the aerodynamic loading of the blades and the consequential wind characteristics in the near wake of the turbine. It is shown that gravitation leads to rotational periodic fluctuations of blade loading, which directly impacts the trajectory of the blade tip vortex at different rotor blade positions while also resulting in a non-uniform wind velocity deficit in the wake of the wind turbine.
Etienne Muller, Simone Gremmo, Félix Houtin-Mongrolle, Bastien Duboc, and Pierre Bénard
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 25–48, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-25-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-25-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents an advanced tool designed for the high-fidelity and high-performance simulation of operating wind turbines, allowing for instance the computation of a blade deformation, as well as of the surrounding airflow. As this tool relies on coupling two existing codes, the coupling strategy is first described in depth. The article then compares the code results to field data for validation.
Helge Aagaard Madsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1853–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1853-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1853-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a linear analytical solution for a two-dimensional (2-D) actuator disc (AD) for a plane disc, a yawed disc and a coned disc. Comparisons of the 2-D model with three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) AD simulations for a circular yawed disc and with an axis-symmetric CFD simulation of a coned disc show good correlation for the normal velocity component of the disc. This indicates that the 2-D AD model could form the basis for a consistent, simple new rotor induction model.
Stefano Cioni, Francesco Papi, Leonardo Pagamonci, Alessandro Bianchini, Néstor Ramos-García, Georg Pirrung, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Ronan Boisard, Alessandro Fontanella, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Marco Belloli, Andrea Sanvito, Giacomo Persico, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Yarong Zhou, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Ricardo Amaral, Axelle Viré, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, David Marten, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Pau Trubat, Climent Molins, Roger Bergua, Emmanuel Branlard, Jason Jonkman, and Amy Robertson
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1659–1691, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of different fidelities made by the participants of the OC6 project Phase III are compared to wind tunnel wake measurements on a floating wind turbine. Results in the near wake confirm that simulations and experiments tend to diverge from the expected linearized quasi-steady behavior when the reduced frequency exceeds 0.5. In the far wake, the impact of platform motion is overestimated by simulations and even seems to be oriented to the generation of a wake less prone to dissipation.
Christian Grinderslev, Felix Houtin-Mongrolle, Niels Nørmark Sørensen, Georg Raimund Pirrung, Pim Jacobs, Aqeel Ahmed, and Bastien Duboc
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1625–1638, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1625-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1625-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In standstill conditions wind turbines are at risk of vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs). VIVs can become large and lead to significant fatigue of the wind turbine structure over time. Thus it is important to have tools that can accurately compute this complex phenomenon. This paper studies the sensitivities to the chosen models of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations when modelling VIVs and finds that much care is needed when setting up simulations, especially for specific flow angles.
Adhyanth Giri Ajay, Laurence Morgan, Yan Wu, David Bretos, Aurelio Cascales, Oscar Pires, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-115, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-115, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
This article compares 6 different numerical models to predict the performance of an X-shaped vertical-axis wind turbine, offering insights into how it works in 3D when its blades are fixed at specific angles. The results showed that the 3D models here reliably predict the performance while still taking this turbine's complex aerodynamics into account compared to 2D models. Further, these blade angles caused more complexity in predicting the turbine's behaviour which is highlighted in this paper.
Ferdinand Seel, Thorsten Lutz, and Ewald Krämer
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1369–1385, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vortex generators are evaluated on a 2 MW wind turbine rotor blade by computational fluid dynamic methods. Those devices delay flow separation on the airfoils and thus increase their efficiency. On the wind turbine blade, rotational phenomena (e.g. rotational augmentation) appear and interact with the vortices from the vortex generators. The understanding of those interactions is crucial in order to optimise the placement of the vortex generators and evaluate their real efficiency on the blade.
Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Umut Özinan, Po Wen Cheng, and Moustafa Abdel-Maksoud
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-81, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-81, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the underlying physical phenomena of the aerodynamics of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) is crucial for successful simulations. No consensus has been reached in the research community on which unsteady aerodynamic phenomena are relevant and how much they can influence the loads acting on a FOWT. This work contributes to the understanding and characterisation of such unsteady phenomena using a novel experimental approach and comprehensive numerical investigations.
Pier Francesco Melani, Omar Sherif Mohamed, Stefano Cioni, Francesco Balduzzi, and Alessandro Bianchini
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-88, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-88, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
The paper makes use of a multi-fidelity approach, also including blade-resolved CFD, to assess to what extent the Actuator Line Method is able to properly resolve the flow phenomena in finite blade (tip effects). It proved that alternative kernel shapes are not influential on accuracy, while demonstrates that the ALM can provide better results if the characteristic length of both force smearing and angle of attack sampling from the flow field decrease approaching the blade extremity.
Jens N. Sørensen
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1017–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1017-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1017-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a simple analytical model that, with surprisingly good accuracy, represents the loading for virtually any horizontal axis wind turbine, independent of size and operating regime. The aim of the model is to have a simple tool that may represent the loading of any wind turbine without having access to the details regarding the specific geometry and airfoil data, information that is normally kept confidential by the manufacturer of the turbine.
André F. P. Ribeiro, Damiano Casalino, and Carlos S. Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 661–675, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-661-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-661-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Floating offshore wind turbines move due to not having a rigid foundation. Hence, as the blades rotate they experience more complex aerodynamics than standard onshore wind turbines. In this paper, we show computational simulations of a wind turbine rotor moving in various ways and quantify the effects of the motion in the forces acting on the blades. We show that these forces behave in nonlinear ways in some cases.
Roger Bergua, Amy Robertson, Jason Jonkman, Emmanuel Branlard, Alessandro Fontanella, Marco Belloli, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Giacomo Persico, Andrea Sanvito, Ervin Amet, Cédric Brun, Guillén Campaña-Alonso, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Ruolin Cai, Jifeng Cai, Quan Qian, Wen Maoshi, Alec Beardsell, Georg Pirrung, Néstor Ramos-García, Wei Shi, Jie Fu, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Tor Anders Nygaard, Carlos Renan dos Santos, Philippe Gilbert, Pierre-Antoine Joulin, Frédéric Blondel, Eelco Frickel, Peng Chen, Zhiqiang Hu, Ronan Boisard, Kutay Yilmazlar, Alessandro Croce, Violette Harnois, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Ander Aristondo, Iñigo Mendikoa Alonso, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Feike Savenije, David Marten, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Alessandro Bianchini, Francesco Papi, Stefano Cioni, Pau Trubat, Daniel Alarcon, Climent Molins, Marion Cormier, Konstantin Brüker, Thorsten Lutz, Qing Xiao, Zhongsheng Deng, Florence Haudin, and Akhilesh Goveas
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 465–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work examines if the motion experienced by an offshore floating wind turbine can significantly affect the rotor performance. It was observed that the system motion results in variations in the load, but these variations are not critical, and the current simulation tools capture the physics properly. Interestingly, variations in the rotor speed or the blade pitch angle can have a larger impact than the system motion itself.
Mac Gaunaa, Niels Troldborg, and Emmanuel Branlard
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 503–513, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-503-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-503-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analytical vortex model. Despite its simplicity, the model is fully consistent with 1D momentum theory. It shows that the flow through a non-uniformly loaded rotor operating in non-uniform inflow behaves locally as predicted by 1D momentum theory. As a consequence, the local power coefficient (based on local inflow) of an ideal rotor is unaltered by the presence of shear. Finally, the model shows that there is no cross-shear deflection of the wake of a rotor in sheared inflow.
Kelsey Shaler, Benjamin Anderson, Luis A. Martínez-Tossas, Emmanuel Branlard, and Nick Johnson
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 383–399, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Free-vortex wake (OLAF) and low-fidelity blade-element momentum (BEM) structural results are compared to high-fidelity simulation results for a flexible downwind turbine for varying inflow conditions. Overall, OLAF results were more consistent than BEM results when compared to SOWFA results under challenging inflow conditions. Differences between OLAF and BEM results were dominated by yaw misalignment angle, with varying shear exponent and turbulence intensity causing more subtle differences.
Francesco Caccia and Alberto Guardone
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 341–362, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-341-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-341-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice roughness deteriorates wind turbine aerodynamics. We have shown numerically that this also occurs when complex ice shapes are present on the leading edge, as long as the blade's wet region extends beyond the ice shape itself and roughness elements are high enough. Such features are typical of icing events on wind turbines but are not captured by current icing simulation tools. Future research should focus on correctly computing both the wet region of the blade and the roughness height.
Koen Boorsma, Gerard Schepers, Helge Aagard Madsen, Georg Pirrung, Niels Sørensen, Galih Bangga, Manfred Imiela, Christian Grinderslev, Alexander Meyer Forsting, Wen Zhong Shen, Alessandro Croce, Stefano Cacciola, Alois Peter Schaffarczyk, Brandon Lobo, Frederic Blondel, Philippe Gilbert, Ronan Boisard, Leo Höning, Luca Greco, Claudio Testa, Emmanuel Branlard, Jason Jonkman, and Ganesh Vijayakumar
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 211–230, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Within the framework of the fourth phase of the International Energy Agency's (IEA) Wind Task 29, a large comparison exercise between measurements and aeroelastic simulations has been carried out. Results were obtained from more than 19 simulation tools of various fidelity, originating from 12 institutes and compared to state-of-the-art field measurements. The result is a unique insight into the current status and accuracy of rotor aerodynamic modeling.
Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Gerard Schepers, and Feike Savenije
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 193–210, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-193-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-193-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Modern wind turbines are subject to complex wind conditions that are far from the hypothesis of steady uniform inflow at the core of blade element momentum methods (the current industry standard for wind turbine design). Various corrections have been proposed to model this complexity. The present work focuses on modelling the unsteady evolution of wind turbine wakes (dynamic inflow), comparing the different corrections available and highlighting their effects on design load predictions.
Christian Grinderslev, Niels Nørmark Sørensen, Georg Raimund Pirrung, and Sergio González Horcas
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2201–2213, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2201-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2201-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As wind turbines increase in size, the risk of flow-induced instabilities increases. This study investigates the phenomenon of vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) on a large 10 MW wind turbine blade using two high-fidelity methods. It is found that VIVs can occur with multiple equilibrium states for the same flow case, showing an dependence on the initial conditions. This means that a blade which is stable in a flow can become unstable if, e.g., a turbine operation provokes an initial vibration.
Felipe Vittori, José Azcona, Irene Eguinoa, Oscar Pires, Alberto Rodríguez, Álex Morató, Carlos Garrido, and Cian Desmond
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2149–2161, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2149-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2149-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the results of a wave tank test campaign of a scaled SATH 10 MW INNWIND floating platform. The software-in-the-loop (SiL) hybrid method was used to include the wind turbine thrust and the in-plane rotor moments. Experimental results are compared with a numerical model developed in OpenFAST of the floating wind turbine. The results are discussed, identifying limitations of the numerical models and obtaining conclusions on how to improve them.
Thanasis Barlas, Georg Raimund Pirrung, Néstor Ramos-García, Sergio González Horcas, Ang Li, and Helge Aagaard Madsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1957–1973, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1957-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1957-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An aeroelastically optimized curved wind turbine blade tip is designed, manufactured, and tested on a novel outdoor rotating rig facility at the Risø campus of the Technical University of Denmark. Detailed aerodynamic measurements for various atmospheric conditions and results are compared to a series of in-house aeroelastic tools with a range of fidelities in aerodynamic modeling. The comparison highlights details in the ability of the codes to predict the performance of such a curved tip.
Jan-Philipp Küppers and Tamara Reinicke
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1889–1903, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1889-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1889-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Airfoils play a major role in the technical harnessing of energy from currents such as wind and water. When the angle of attack of a wing changes dynamically, the forces on the wing often change more than would have been assumed from static measurements alone. Since these dynamic forces have a strong influence, e.g., on the performance of airplanes and wind turbines, a neural-network-based model was created that can predict these loads and their stochastic fluctuations.
Frederik Berger, Lars Neuhaus, David Onnen, Michael Hölling, Gerard Schepers, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1827–1846, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We proof the dynamic inflow effect due to gusts in wind tunnel experiments with MoWiTO 1.8 in the large wind tunnel of ForWind – University of Oldenburg, where we created coherent gusts with an active grid. The effect is isolated in loads and rotor flow by comparison of a quasi-steady and a dynamic case. The observed effect is not caught by common dynamic inflow engineering models. An improvement to the Øye dynamic inflow model is proposed, matching experiment and corresponding FVWM simulations.
Thomas Potentier, Emmanuel Guilmineau, Arthur Finez, Colin Le Bourdat, and Caroline Braud
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1771–1790, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1771-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1771-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A wind turbine blade equipped with root spoilers is analysed using time domain aeroelastic simulations to assess the impact of passive devices on the turbine AEP and lifetime. A novel way to account for aerofoil-generated unsteadiness in the fatigue calculation is proposed and detailed. The outcome shows that spoilers, on average, can increase the AEP of the turbine. However, the structural impacts on the turbine can be severe if not accounted for initially in the turbine design.
Alessandro Fontanella, Alan Facchinetti, Simone Di Carlo, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1711–1729, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1711-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1711-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The aerodynamics of floating wind turbines is complicated by large motions permitted by the foundation. The interaction between turbine, wind, and wake is not yet fully understood. The wind tunnel experiments of this paper shed light on the aerodynamic force and wake response of the floating IEA 15 MW turbine subjected to platform motion as would occur during normal operation. This will help future research on turbine and wind farm control.
Emmanouil M. Nanos, Carlo L. Bottasso, Simone Tamaro, Dimitris I. Manolas, and Vasilis A. Riziotis
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1641–1660, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1641-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1641-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A novel way of wind farm control is presented where the wake is deflected vertically to reduce interactions with downstream turbines. This is achieved by moving ballast in a floating offshore platform in order to pitch the support structure and thereby tilt the wind turbine rotor disk. The study considers the effects of this new form of wake control on the aerodynamics of the steering and wake-affected turbines, on the structure, and on the ballast motion system.
Giorgia Guma, Philipp Bucher, Patrick Letzgus, Thorsten Lutz, and Roland Wüchner
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1421–1439, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1421-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1421-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wind turbine aeroelasticity is becoming more and more important because turbine sizes are increasingly leading to more slender blades. On the other hand, complex terrains are of interest because they are far away from urban areas. These regions are characterized by low velocities and high turbulence and are mostly influenced by the presence of forest, and that is why it is necessary to develop high-fidelity tools to correctly simulate the wind turbine's response.
Sarah Barber, Julien Deparday, Yuriy Marykovskiy, Eleni Chatzi, Imad Abdallah, Gregory Duthé, Michele Magno, Tommaso Polonelli, Raphael Fischer, and Hanna Müller
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1383–1398, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1383-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1383-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aerodynamic and acoustic field measurements on operating large-scale wind turbines are key for the further reduction in the costs of wind energy. In this work, a novel cost-effective MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems)-based aerodynamic and acoustic wireless measurement system that is thin, non-intrusive, easy to install, low power and self-sustaining is designed and tested.
Ang Li, Mac Gaunaa, Georg Raimund Pirrung, Alexander Meyer Forsting, and Sergio González Horcas
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1341–1365, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1341-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1341-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A consistent method of using two-dimensional airfoil data when using generalized lifting-line methods for the aerodynamic load calculation of non-planar horizontal-axis wind turbines is described. The important conclusions from the unsteady two-dimensional airfoil aerodynamics are highlighted. The impact of using a simplified approach instead of using the full model on the prediction of the aerodynamic performance of non-planar rotors is shown numerically for different aerodynamic models.
Cited articles
Ajaj, R. M., Parancheerivilakkathil, M. S., Amoozgar, M., Friswell, M. I., and Cantwell, W. J.: Recent developments in the aeroelasticity of morphing
aircraft, Prog. Aerosp. Sci., 120, 100682, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2020.100682, 2021.
Amet, E., Maitre, T., Pellone, C., and Achard, J.-L.: 2D Numerical simulations of blade-vortex interaction in a Darrieus turbine, J. Fluids Eng., 131, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4000258, 2009.
Balduzzi, F., Bianchini, A., Ferrara, G., and Ferrari, L.: Dimensionless
numbers for the assessment of mesh and timestep requirements in CFD simulations of Darrieus wind turbines, Energy, 97, 246–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.12.111, 2016a.
Balduzzi, F., Bianchini, A., Maleci, R., Ferrara, G., and Ferrari, L.: Critical issues in the CFD simulation of Darrieus wind turbines, Renew.
Energy, 85, 419–435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.06.048, 2016b.
Barbarino, S., Bilgen, O., Ajaj, R. M., Friswell, M. I., and Inman, D. J.: A
Review of Morphing Aircraft, J. Intel. Mater. Syst. Struct., 22, 823–877,
https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X11414084, 2011.
Bedon, G., De Betta, S., and Benini, E.: Performance-optimized airfoil for
Darrieus wind turbines, Renew. Energy, 94, 328–340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.071, 2016.
Beyene, A. and Peffley, J.: A morphing blade for wave and wind energy conversion, in: OCEANS 2007 – Europe, 18–21 June 2007, Aberdeen, UK, 1–6,
https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANSE.2007.4302482, 2007.
Bianchini, A., Ferrara, G., and Ferrari, L.: Design guidelines for H-Darrieus wind turbines: Optimization of the annual energy yield, Energ. Convers. Manage., 89, 690–707, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.10.038, 2015.
Castelli, M. R., Englaro, A., and Benini, E.: The Darrieus wind turbine:
proposal for a new performance prediction model based on CFD, J. Energy, 36,
4919–4934, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.05.036, 2011.
Coiro, D., Nicolosi, F., De Marco, A., Melone, S., and Montella, F.: Flow
Curvature Effect on Dynamic Behaviour of a Novel Vertical Axis Tidal Current
Turbine: Numerical and Experimental Analysis, in: ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 12–17 June 2005, Halkidiki, Greece, 601–609, https://doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67193, 2005.
Daynes, S. and Weaver, P. M.: A morphing trailing edge device for a wind
turbine, J. Intel. Mater. Syst. Struct., 23, 691–701, https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X12438622, 2012.
Debiasi, M., Khoo, H. H., Bouremel, Y., Luo, S. c., and Zhiwei, E.: Shape change of the upper surface of an airfoil by macro fiber composite actuators, in: 29th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, 27–30 June 2011, Hawaii, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-3809, 2011.
Ferreira, C. S., Van Kuik, G., Van Bussel, G., and Scarano, F.: Visualization by PIV of dynamic stall on a vertical axis wind turbine, Exp. Fluids, 46, 97–108, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-008-0543-z, 2009.
Frolov, V. A.: Laminar separation point of flow on surface of symmetrical
airfoil, in: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on the Methods of Aerophysical Research, 27 June–3 July 2016, Perm, Russia, 030053,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4963995, 2016.
Hand, B., Kelly, G., and Cashman, A.: Numerical simulation of a vertical axis wind turbine airfoil experiencing dynamic stall at high Reynolds numbers, Comput, Fluids, 149, 12–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2017.02.021, 2017.
Healy, J.: The influence of blade thickness on the output of vertical axis
wind turbines, J. Wind Energ., 2, 1–9, 1978.
Ismail, M. F. and Vijayaraghavan, K.: The effects of aerofoil profile modification on a vertical axis wind turbine performance, Energy, 80, 20–31,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.11.034, 2015.
Jain, S. and Saha, U. K.: On the influence of blade thickness-to-chord ratio
on dynamic stall phenomenon in H-type Darrieus wind rotors, Energ. Convers.
Manage., 218, 113024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113024, 2020.
Lachenal, X., Daynes, S., and Weaver, P. M.: A zero torsional stiffness
twist morphing blade as a wind turbine load alleviation device, Smart Mater.
Struct., 22, 065016, https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/22/6/065016, 2013.
Ma, N., Lei, H., Han, Z., Zhou, D., Bao, Y., Zhang, K., Zhou, L., and Chen, C.: Airfoil optimization to improve power performance of a high-solidity
vertical axis wind turbine at a moderate tip speed ratio, J. Energy, 150,
236–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.115, 2018.
MacPhee, D. W. and Beyene, A.: Experimental and fluid structure interaction
analysis of a morphing wind turbine rotor, J. Energy, 90, 1055–1065,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.08.016, 2015.
Mazarbhuiya, H. M. S. M., Biswas, A., and Sharma, K. K.: Blade thickness
effect on the aerodynamic performance of an asymmetric NACA six series blade
vertical axis wind turbine in low wind speed, Int. J. Green Energ., 17, 171–179, https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2020.1712214, 2020.
McCroskey, W. J.: The phenomenon of dynamic stall, NASA TM 81264, NASA,
Moffett Field, CA, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19810011501 (last access: 8 September 2023), 1981.
Melani, P. F., Balduzzi, F., Ferrara, G., and Bianchini, A.: How to extract
the angle attack on airfoils in cycloidal motion from a flow field solved
with computational fluid dynamics? Development and verification of a robust
computational procedure, Energ. Convers. Manage., 223, 113284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113284, 2020.
Meseguer, J., Alonso, G., Sanz-Andrés, A., and Pérez-Grande, I.: On
the circulation and the position of the forward stagnation point on airfoils, Int. J. Mech. Eng. Educ., 35, 65–75, https://doi.org/10.7227/IJMEE.35.1.5, 2007.
Migliore, P., Fanucci, J., and Wolfe, W.: Flow Curvature Effects on Darrieus
Turbine Blade Aerodynamics, J. Energy, 4, 49–55, https://doi.org/10.2514/3.62459, 1980.
Minetto, R. A. L. and Paraschivoiu, M.: Simulation based analysis of morphing blades applied to a vertical axis wind turbine, J. Energy, 202, 117705, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117705, 2020.
Mir, I., Maqsood, A., Eisa, S. A., Taha, H., and Akhtar, S.: Optimal morphing – augmented dynamic soaring maneuvers for unmanned air vehicle capable of span and sweep morphologies, Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 79, 17–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2018.05.024, 2018.
Mulleners, K. and Raffel, M.: The onset of dynamic stall revisited, Exp. Fluids, 52, 779–793, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-011-1118-y, 2012.
Nguyen, C.-C. and Tran, P.-T.: A numerical study of thickness effect of the
symmetric NACA 4-digit airfoils on self starting capability of a 1 kW H-type
vertical axis wind turbine, J. Mech. Eng. Appl., 3, 7–16, 2015.
Pechlivanoglou, G., Wagner, J., Nayeri, C., and Paschereit, C.: Active
aerodynamic control of wind turbine blades with high deflection flexible
flaps, in: 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 4–7 January 2010, Orlando, Florida, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-644, 2010.
Rainbird, J. M., Bianchini, A., Balduzzi, F., Peiró, J., Graham, J. M. R., Ferrara, G., and Ferrari, L.: On the influence of virtual camber effect
on airfoil polars for use in simulations of Darrieus wind turbines, Energ.
Convers. Manage., 106, 373–384, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.09.053, 2015.
Rezaeiha, A., Kalkman, I. M., and Blocken, B.: CFD simulation of a vertical
axis wind turbine operating at a moderate tip speed ratio: guidelines for
minimum domain size and azimuthal increment, Renew. Energy, 107, 373–385,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2017.02.006, 2017a.
Rezaeiha, A., Kalkman, I., Montazeri, H., and Blocken, B.: Effect of the shaft on the aerodynamic performance of urban vertical axis wind turbines,
Energ. Convers. Manage., 149, 616–630, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.07.055, 2017b.
Rezaeiha, A., Montazeri, H., and Blocken, B.: Towards optimal aerodynamic
design of vertical axis wind turbines: Impact of solidity and number of blades, J. Energy, 165, 1129–1148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.192, 2018a.
Rezaeiha, A., Montazeri, H., and Blocken, B.: Characterization of aerodynamic performance of vertical axis wind turbines: impact of operational parameters, Energ. Convers. Manage., 169, 45–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.042, 2018b.
Rezaeiha, A., Montazeri, H., and Blocken, B.: Towards accurate CFD simulations of vertical axis wind turbines at different tip speed ratios and solidities: Guidelines for azimuthal increment, domain size and convergence,
Energ. Convers. Manage., 156, 301–316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.11.026, 2018c.
Rezaeiha, A., Montazeri, H., and Blocken, B.: CFD analysis of dynamic stall
on vertical axis wind turbines using Scale-Adaptive simulation (SAS): Comparison against URANS and hybrid RANS/LES, Energ. Convers. Manage., 196,
1282–1298, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.06.081, 2019a.
Rezaeiha, A., Montazeri, H., and Blocken, B.: On the accuracy of turbulence
models for CFD simulations of vertical axis wind turbines, J. Energy, 180,
838–857, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.053, 2019b.
Rezaeiha, A., Montazeri, H., and Blocken, B.: Active flow control for power
enhancement of vertical axis wind turbines: Leading-edge slot suction, J.
Energy, 189, 116131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116131, 2019c.
Rezaeiha, A., Montazeri, H., and Blocken, B.: Scale-Adaptive Simulation
(SAS) of Dynamic Stall on a Wind Turbine, 1, Progress in Hybrid RANS-LES
Modelling (HRLM 2018), Springer International Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27607-2_26, 2020a.
Rezaeiha, A., Montazeri, H., and Blocken, B.: A framework for preliminary
large-scale urban wind energy potential assessment: Roof-mounted wind turbines, Energ. Convers. Manage., 214, 112770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112770, 2020b.
Riemenschneider, J., Balzarek, C., van der Wall, B. G., and Majeti, R. K.:
Chord Morphing for Helicopter Rotor Blades, in: ASME 2019 Conference on Smart
Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, 9–11 September 2019, Kentucky, https://doi.org/10.1115/SMASIS2019-5625, 2019.
Sahebzadeh, S., Rezaeiha, A., and Montazeri, H.: Towards optimal layout design of vertical-axis wind-turbine farms: Double rotor arrangements, Energ. Convers. Manage., 226, 113527, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113527, 2020.
Sal, F.: Effects of the actively morphing root chord and taper on helicopter
energy, Aircr. Eng. Aerosp. Technol., 92, 264–270, https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-08-2019-0165, 2020.
Sharma, A. and Visbal, M.: Numerical investigation of the effect of airfoil
thickness on onset of dynamic stall, J. Fluid Mech., 870, 870–900,
https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.235, 2019.
Siddall, R., Ortega Ancel, A., and Kovač, M.: Wind and water tunnel testing of a morphing aquatic micro air vehicle, Interface Focus, 7, 20160085, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0085, 2017.
Song, C., Wu, G., Zhu, W., and Zhang, X.: Study on aerodynamic characteristics of Darrieus vertical axis wind turbines with different
airfoil maximum thicknesses through computational fluid dynamics, Arab. J.
Sci. Eng., 45, 689–698, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-04127-8, 2020.
Subramanian, A., Yogesh, S. A., Sivanandan, H., Giri, A., Vasudevan, M., Mugundhan, V., and Velamati, R. K.: Effect of airfoil and solidity on
performance of small scale vertical axis wind turbine using three dimensional CFD model, J. Energy, 133, 179–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.118, 2017.
Tan, J. and Paraschivoiu, M.: CFD-based performance analysis of morphing
aileron for vertical axis wind turbines, in: 35th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics
Conference, 5–9 June 2017, Denver, Colorado, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-4072, 2017.
Tescione, G., Ragni, D., He, C., Ferreira, C., and van Bussel, G. J. W.:
Near wake flow analysis of a vertical axis wind turbine by stereoscopic
particle image velocimetry, Renew. Energy, 70, 47–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.02.042, 2014.
Thangeswaran, R. S. K., Venkateswaran, S., Kalaiselvan, T., Aravindan, P., and Venugopal, S.: Aerodynamic benefits of flexible morphing airfoil for
SUAV, in: International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Optimisation, 13–15 June 2019, Thiruvananthapuram, India, 020002, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5120189, 2019.
Tirandaz, M. R. and Rezaeiha, A.: Effect of airfoil shape on power performance of vertical axis wind turbines in dynamic stall: Symmetric Airfoils, Renew. Energy, 173, 422–441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.142, 2021.
Wang, W., Caro, S., Fouad, B., and Salinas Mejia, O. R.: A simplified
morphing blade for horizontal axis wind turbines, J. Sol. Energ. Eng., 136,
011018, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4025970, 2014.
Wlezien, R., Horner, G., McGowan, A., Padula, S., Scott, M., Silcox, R., and
Simpson, J.: The Aircraft Morphing Program, in: 39th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC
Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference and Exhibit, 20–23 April 1998, Long Beach, CA, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-1927, 1998.
Wolff, T., Ernst, B., and Seume, J. R.: Aerodynamic behavior of an airfoil
with morphing trailing edge for wind turbine applications, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 524, 12–18, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012018, 2014.
Yan, B., Dai, P., Liu, R., Xing, M., and Liu, S.: Adaptive super-twisting
sliding mode control of variable sweep morphing aircraft, Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 92, 198–210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.05.063, 2019.
Zhuang, C., Yang, G., Zhu, Y., and Hu, D.: Effect of morphed trailing-edge
flap on aerodynamic load control for a wind turbine blade section, Renew.
Energy, 148, 964–974, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.10.082, 2020.
Short summary
Vertical axis wind turbines experience a variation of torque and power throughout their rotation. Traditional non-morphing blades are intrinsically not able to respond to this variation, resulting in a turbine which has suboptimal performance. In principle, it is possible to have a morphing blade that adapts to the blade's rotation and changes its geometry in such a way as to optimise the performance of the turbine. This paper addresses the question of how such blade should morph as it rotates.
Vertical axis wind turbines experience a variation of torque and power throughout their...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint