Articles | Volume 7, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1711-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1711-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Wind tunnel investigation of the aerodynamic response of two 15 MW floating wind turbines
Alessandro Fontanella
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Mechanical Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Via La Masa 1, 20156, Italy
Alan Facchinetti
Mechanical Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Via La Masa 1, 20156, Italy
Simone Di Carlo
Mechanical Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Via La Masa 1, 20156, Italy
Marco Belloli
Mechanical Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Via La Masa 1, 20156, Italy
Related authors
Alessandro Fontanella, Alberto Fusetti, Stefano Cioni, Francesco Papi, Sara Muggiasca, Giacomo Persico, Vincenzo Dossena, Alessandro Bianchini, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 1369–1387, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1369-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1369-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the impact of large movements allowed by floating wind turbine foundations on their aerodynamics and wake behavior. Wind tunnel tests with a model turbine reveal that platform motions affect wake patterns and turbulence levels. Insights from these experiments are crucial for optimizing large-scale floating wind farms. The dataset obtained from the experiment is published and can aid in developing simulation tools for floating wind turbines.
Alessandro Fontanella, Stefano Cioni, Francesco Papi, Sara Muggiasca, Alessandro Bianchini, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-106, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-106, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how the movement of floating wind turbines affects nearby turbines. Using wind tunnel experiments, we found that certain motions of an upstream turbine can improve the energy produced by a downstream one and change the forces it experiences. These effects depend on how the turbines are spaced and aligned. Our results show that the motion of floating turbines plays a key role in how future offshore wind farms should be designed and operated.
Alessandro Fontanella, Giorgio Colpani, Marco De Pascali, Sara Muggiasca, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1393–1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1393-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1393-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Waves can boost a floating wind turbine's power output by moving its rotor against the wind. Studying this, we used four models to explore the impact of waves and platform dynamics on turbines in the Mediterranean. We found that wind turbulence, not waves, primarily affects power fluctuations. In real conditions, floating wind turbines produce less energy compared to fixed-bottom ones, mainly due to platform tilt.
Stefano Cioni, Francesco Papi, Leonardo Pagamonci, Alessandro Bianchini, Néstor Ramos-García, Georg Pirrung, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Ronan Boisard, Alessandro Fontanella, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Marco Belloli, Andrea Sanvito, Giacomo Persico, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Yarong Zhou, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Ricardo Amaral, Axelle Viré, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, David Marten, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Pau Trubat, Climent Molins, Roger Bergua, Emmanuel Branlard, Jason Jonkman, and Amy Robertson
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1659–1691, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of different fidelities made by the participants of the OC6 project Phase III are compared to wind tunnel wake measurements on a floating wind turbine. Results in the near wake confirm that simulations and experiments tend to diverge from the expected linearized quasi-steady behavior when the reduced frequency exceeds 0.5. In the far wake, the impact of platform motion is overestimated by simulations and even seems to be oriented to the generation of a wake less prone to dissipation.
Alessandro Fontanella, Elio Daka, Felipe Novais, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1351–1368, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1351-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1351-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to enhance wind turbine modeling by incorporating industry-standard control functionalities. A control design framework was developed and applied to a 1 : 100 scale model of a large floating wind turbine. Wind tunnel tests confirmed the scaled turbine accurately reproduced the steady-state rotor speed, blade pitch, and thrust torque characteristics of the full-size turbine. However, challenges arose in simulating the turbine's aerodynamic response during above-rated operation.
Roger Bergua, Amy Robertson, Jason Jonkman, Emmanuel Branlard, Alessandro Fontanella, Marco Belloli, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Giacomo Persico, Andrea Sanvito, Ervin Amet, Cédric Brun, Guillén Campaña-Alonso, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Ruolin Cai, Jifeng Cai, Quan Qian, Wen Maoshi, Alec Beardsell, Georg Pirrung, Néstor Ramos-García, Wei Shi, Jie Fu, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Tor Anders Nygaard, Carlos Renan dos Santos, Philippe Gilbert, Pierre-Antoine Joulin, Frédéric Blondel, Eelco Frickel, Peng Chen, Zhiqiang Hu, Ronan Boisard, Kutay Yilmazlar, Alessandro Croce, Violette Harnois, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Ander Aristondo, Iñigo Mendikoa Alonso, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Feike Savenije, David Marten, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Alessandro Bianchini, Francesco Papi, Stefano Cioni, Pau Trubat, Daniel Alarcon, Climent Molins, Marion Cormier, Konstantin Brüker, Thorsten Lutz, Qing Xiao, Zhongsheng Deng, Florence Haudin, and Akhilesh Goveas
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 465–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work examines if the motion experienced by an offshore floating wind turbine can significantly affect the rotor performance. It was observed that the system motion results in variations in the load, but these variations are not critical, and the current simulation tools capture the physics properly. Interestingly, variations in the rotor speed or the blade pitch angle can have a larger impact than the system motion itself.
Alessandro Fontanella, Ilmas Bayati, Robert Mikkelsen, Marco Belloli, and Alberto Zasso
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1169-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The scale model wind tunnel experiment presented in this paper investigated the aerodynamic response of a floating turbine subjected to imposed surge motion. The problem is studied under different aspects, from airfoil aerodynamics to wake, in a coherent manner. Results show quasi-static behavior for reduced frequencies lower than 0.5 and possible unsteadiness for higher surge motion frequencies. Data are made available to the public for future verification and calibration of numerical models.
Alessandro Fontanella, Mees Al, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 885–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-885-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-885-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Floating wind is a key technology to harvest the abundant wind energy resource of deep waters. This research introduces a new way of controlling the wind turbine to better deal with the action of waves. The turbine is made aware of the incoming waves, and the information is exploited to enhance power production.
Leonardo Pagamonci, Francesco Papi, Gabriel Cojocaru, Marco Belloli, and Alessandro Bianchini
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 1707–1736, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1707-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1707-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The study presents a critical analysis using wind tunnel experiments and large-eddy simulations aimed at quantifying to what extent turbulence affects the wake structures of a floating turbine undergoing large motions. Analyses show that, whenever realistic turbulence comes into play, only small gains in terms of wake recovery are noticed in comparison to bottom-fixed turbines, suggesting the absence of hypothesized superposition effects between inflow and platform motion.
Alessandro Fontanella, Alberto Fusetti, Stefano Cioni, Francesco Papi, Sara Muggiasca, Giacomo Persico, Vincenzo Dossena, Alessandro Bianchini, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 1369–1387, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1369-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1369-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the impact of large movements allowed by floating wind turbine foundations on their aerodynamics and wake behavior. Wind tunnel tests with a model turbine reveal that platform motions affect wake patterns and turbulence levels. Insights from these experiments are crucial for optimizing large-scale floating wind farms. The dataset obtained from the experiment is published and can aid in developing simulation tools for floating wind turbines.
Alessandro Fontanella, Stefano Cioni, Francesco Papi, Sara Muggiasca, Alessandro Bianchini, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-106, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-106, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores how the movement of floating wind turbines affects nearby turbines. Using wind tunnel experiments, we found that certain motions of an upstream turbine can improve the energy produced by a downstream one and change the forces it experiences. These effects depend on how the turbines are spaced and aligned. Our results show that the motion of floating turbines plays a key role in how future offshore wind farms should be designed and operated.
Shyam VimalKumar, Delphine De Tavernier, Dominic von Terzi, Marco Belloli, and Axelle Viré
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1967–1983, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1967-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1967-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
When standing still without a nacelle or blades, the vibrations on a wind turbine tower are of concern to its structural health. This study finds that the air which flows around the tower recirculates behind the tower, forming so-called wakes. These wakes initiate the vibration, and the movement itself causes the vibration to increase or decrease depending on the wind speed. The current study uses a methodology called force partitioning to analyse this in depth.
Alessandro Fontanella, Giorgio Colpani, Marco De Pascali, Sara Muggiasca, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1393–1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1393-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1393-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Waves can boost a floating wind turbine's power output by moving its rotor against the wind. Studying this, we used four models to explore the impact of waves and platform dynamics on turbines in the Mediterranean. We found that wind turbulence, not waves, primarily affects power fluctuations. In real conditions, floating wind turbines produce less energy compared to fixed-bottom ones, mainly due to platform tilt.
Stefano Cioni, Francesco Papi, Leonardo Pagamonci, Alessandro Bianchini, Néstor Ramos-García, Georg Pirrung, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Ronan Boisard, Alessandro Fontanella, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Marco Belloli, Andrea Sanvito, Giacomo Persico, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Yarong Zhou, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Ricardo Amaral, Axelle Viré, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, David Marten, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Pau Trubat, Climent Molins, Roger Bergua, Emmanuel Branlard, Jason Jonkman, and Amy Robertson
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1659–1691, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of different fidelities made by the participants of the OC6 project Phase III are compared to wind tunnel wake measurements on a floating wind turbine. Results in the near wake confirm that simulations and experiments tend to diverge from the expected linearized quasi-steady behavior when the reduced frequency exceeds 0.5. In the far wake, the impact of platform motion is overestimated by simulations and even seems to be oriented to the generation of a wake less prone to dissipation.
Alessandro Fontanella, Elio Daka, Felipe Novais, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1351–1368, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1351-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1351-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to enhance wind turbine modeling by incorporating industry-standard control functionalities. A control design framework was developed and applied to a 1 : 100 scale model of a large floating wind turbine. Wind tunnel tests confirmed the scaled turbine accurately reproduced the steady-state rotor speed, blade pitch, and thrust torque characteristics of the full-size turbine. However, challenges arose in simulating the turbine's aerodynamic response during above-rated operation.
Roger Bergua, Amy Robertson, Jason Jonkman, Emmanuel Branlard, Alessandro Fontanella, Marco Belloli, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Giacomo Persico, Andrea Sanvito, Ervin Amet, Cédric Brun, Guillén Campaña-Alonso, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Ruolin Cai, Jifeng Cai, Quan Qian, Wen Maoshi, Alec Beardsell, Georg Pirrung, Néstor Ramos-García, Wei Shi, Jie Fu, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Tor Anders Nygaard, Carlos Renan dos Santos, Philippe Gilbert, Pierre-Antoine Joulin, Frédéric Blondel, Eelco Frickel, Peng Chen, Zhiqiang Hu, Ronan Boisard, Kutay Yilmazlar, Alessandro Croce, Violette Harnois, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Ander Aristondo, Iñigo Mendikoa Alonso, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Feike Savenije, David Marten, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Alessandro Bianchini, Francesco Papi, Stefano Cioni, Pau Trubat, Daniel Alarcon, Climent Molins, Marion Cormier, Konstantin Brüker, Thorsten Lutz, Qing Xiao, Zhongsheng Deng, Florence Haudin, and Akhilesh Goveas
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 465–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work examines if the motion experienced by an offshore floating wind turbine can significantly affect the rotor performance. It was observed that the system motion results in variations in the load, but these variations are not critical, and the current simulation tools capture the physics properly. Interestingly, variations in the rotor speed or the blade pitch angle can have a larger impact than the system motion itself.
Federico Taruffi, Simone Di Carlo, Sara Muggiasca, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 71–84, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-71-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-71-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The work focuses on the experimental validation of the design of a large-scale wind turbine model, based on the DTU 10 MW reference wind turbine, installed on a scaled multipurpose platform deployed in an outdoor natural laboratory. The aim of the validation is to assess whether the behaviour of the model respects the targets established during the design phase in terms of structure, rotor aerodynamics and control. The outcome of the investigation ensures the validity of the design process.
Alessandro Fontanella, Ilmas Bayati, Robert Mikkelsen, Marco Belloli, and Alberto Zasso
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1169-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The scale model wind tunnel experiment presented in this paper investigated the aerodynamic response of a floating turbine subjected to imposed surge motion. The problem is studied under different aspects, from airfoil aerodynamics to wake, in a coherent manner. Results show quasi-static behavior for reduced frequencies lower than 0.5 and possible unsteadiness for higher surge motion frequencies. Data are made available to the public for future verification and calibration of numerical models.
Alessandro Fontanella, Mees Al, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 885–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-885-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-885-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Floating wind is a key technology to harvest the abundant wind energy resource of deep waters. This research introduces a new way of controlling the wind turbine to better deal with the action of waves. The turbine is made aware of the incoming waves, and the information is exploited to enhance power production.
Cited articles
Abbas, N. J., Zalkind, D. S., Pao, L., and Wright, A.: A reference open-source controller for fixed and floating offshore wind turbines, Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 53–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-53-2022, 2022. a
Allen, C., Viselli, A., Dagher, H., Goupee, A., Gaertner, E., Abbas, N., Hall,
M., and Barter, G.: Definition of the UMaine VolturnUS-S Reference Platform
Developed for the IEA Wind 15-Megawatt Offshore Reference Wind Turbine, Tech.
rep., National Renewable Energy Laboratory, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/76773.pdf (last access: 21 March 2022), 2020. a
Barter, G. E., Robertson, A., and Musial, W.: A systems engineering vision for
floating offshore wind cost optimization, Renewable Energy Focus, 34, 1–16,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2020.03.002, 2020. a
Battistella, T., Paradinas, D. D. L. D., Urban, A. M., and Garcia, R. G.: High
Fidelity Simulation of Multi-MW Rotor Aerodynamics by Using a Multifan,
Volume 10, Ocean Renewable Energy of International Conference on
Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2018-77606,
v010T09A074, 17–22 June 2018, Madrid, Spain, 2018. a
Bayati, I., Belloli, M., Bernini, L., and Zasso, A.: Wind tunnel validation of
AeroDyn within LIFES50+ project: imposed Surge and Pitch tests, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 753, 092001,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/753/9/092001, 2016. a
Bayati, I., Belloli, M., Bernini, L., and Zasso, A.: Aerodynamic design
methodology for wind tunnel tests of wind turbine rotors,
J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 167, 217–227,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.05.004, 2017a. a
Bayati, I., Belloli, M., Bernini, L., and Zasso, A.: Wind Tunnel Wake
Measurements of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines, Enrgy. Proced., 137, 214–222,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.375, 2017b. a
Bayati, I., Belloli, M., Bernini, L., Boldrin, D., Boorsma, K., Caboni, M.,
Cormier, M., Mikkelsen, R., Lutz, T., and Zasso, A.: UNAFLOW project:
UNsteady Aerodynamics of FLOating Wind turbines, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1037, 072037, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1037/7/072037,
2018a. a, b
Bayati, I., Bernini, L., Zanotti, A., Belloli, M., and Zasso, A.: Experimental
investigation of the unsteady aerodynamics of FOWT through PIV and
hot-wire wake measurements, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1037,
052024, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1037/5/052024, 2018b. a, b
Belloli, M., Bayati, I., Facchinetti, A., Fontanella, A., Giberti, H., La Mura,
F., Taruffi, F., and Zasso, A.: A hybrid methodology for wind tunnel testing
of floating offshore wind turbines, Ocean Eng., 210, 107592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107592, 2020. a
Cormier, M., Caboni, M., Lutz, T., Boorsma, K., and Kramer, E.: Numerical
analysis of unsteady aerodynamics of floating offshore wind turbines, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1037, 072048,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1037/7/072048, 2018. a
Coudou, N., Moens, M., Marichal, Y., Beeck, J. V., Bricteux, L., and Chatelain,
P.: Development of wake meandering detection algorithms and their application
to large eddy simulations of an isolated wind turbine and a wind farm,
J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1037, 072024,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1037/7/072024, 2018. a
Farrugia, R., Sant, T., and Micallef, D.: Investigating the aerodynamic
performance of a model offshore floating wind turbine, Renew. Energ., 70,
24–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.12.043, 2014. a
Fontanella, A., Al, M., van der Hoek, D., Liu, Y., van Wingerden, J., and
Belloli, M.: A control-oriented wave-excited linear model for offshore
floating wind turbines, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1618,
022038, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1618/2/022038, 2020. a
Fontanella, A., Bayati, I., Mikkelsen, R., Belloli, M., and Zasso, A.: UNAFLOW: a holistic wind tunnel experiment about the aerodynamic response of floating wind turbines under imposed surge motion, Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 1169–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1169-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Fu, S., Jin, Y., Zheng, Y., and Chamorro, L. P.: Wake and power fluctuations of
a model wind turbine subjected to pitch and roll oscillations, Appl.
Energ., 253, 113605, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113605,
2019. a, b
Garcia, L. P., Conan, B., Aubrun, S., Perret, L., Piquet, T., Raibaudo, C., and
Schliffke, B.: Experimental Analysis of the Wake Meandering of a Floating
Wind Turbine under Imposed Surge Motion, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2265, 042003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042003, 2022. a
Glauert, H.: Airplane Propellers, 169–360, Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
Berlin, Heidelberg, edited by: Durand, W. F., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-91487-4_3, 1935. a
Lemmer, F., Yu, W., Luhmann, B., Schlipf, D., and Cheng, P. W.: Multibody
modeling for concept-level floating offshore wind turbine design, Multibody Syst. Dyn., 49, 203 – 236, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11044-020-09729-x, 2020. a, b
Mahfouz, M. Y., Molins, C., Trubat, P., Hernández, S., Vigara, F., Pegalajar-Jurado, A., Bredmose, H., and Salari, M.: Response of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind 15 MW WindCrete and Activefloat floating wind turbines to wind and second-order waves, Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 867–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-867-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d
Mancini, S., Boorsma, K., Caboni, M., Cormier, M., Lutz, T., Schito, P., and Zasso, A.: Characterization of the unsteady aerodynamic response of a floating offshore wind turbine to surge motion, Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1713–1730, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1713-2020, 2020. a, b
Meyers, J., Bottasso, C., Dykes, K., Fleming, P., Gebraad, P., Giebel, G., Göçmen, T., and van Wingerden, J.-W.: Wind farm flow control: prospects and challenges, Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-24, in review, 2022. a
Nanos, E. M., Bottasso, C. L., Tamaro, S., Manolas, D. I., and Riziotis, V. A.: Vertical wake deflection for floating wind turbines by differential ballast control, Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1641–1660, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1641-2022, 2022. a
Pegalajar-Jurado, A., Borg, M., and Bredmose, H.: An efficient frequency-domain model for quick load analysis of floating offshore wind turbines, Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 693–712, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-693-2018, 2018. a
Ramos-García, N., Kontos, S., Pegalajar-Jurado, A., González Horcas, S., and
Bredmose, H.: Investigation of the floating IEA Wind 15 MW RWT using vortex
methods Part I: Flow regimes and wake recovery, Wind Energy, 25, 1–37,
https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2682, 2021. a, b, c
Ribeiro, A. F. P., Casalino, D., and Ferreira, C. S.: Surging Wind Turbine
Simulations with a Free Wake Panel Method, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2265, 042027, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042027, 2022. a
Rockel, S., Camp, E., Schmidt, J., Peinke, J., Cal, R. B., and Hölling, M.:
Experimental Study on Influence of Pitch Motion on the Wake of a Floating
Wind Turbine Model, Energies, 7, 1954–1985, https://doi.org/10.3390/en7041954, 2014. a
Schliffke, B., Aubrun, S., and Conan, B.: Wind Tunnel Study of a
“Floating” Wind Turbine's Wake in an
Atmospheric Boundary Layer with Imposed Characteristic Surge Motion, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1618, 062015,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1618/6/062015, 2020. a
Sebastian, T. and Lackner, M.: Characterization of the unsteady aerodynamics of
offshore floating wind turbines, Wind Energy, 16, 339–352,
https://doi.org/10.1002/we.545, 2013. a, b, c
Stoelzle, M. and Stein, L.: Rainbow color map distorts and misleads research in hydrology – guidance for better visualizations and science communication, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4549–4565, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4549-2021, 2021. a
van der Hoek, D., Frederik, J., Huang, M., Scarano, F., Simao Ferreira, C., and van Wingerden, J.-W.: Experimental analysis of the effect of dynamic induction control on a wind turbine wake, Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1305–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1305-2022, 2022. a
van der Veen, G., Couchman, I., and Bowyer, R.: Control of floating wind
turbines, in: 2012 American Control Conference (ACC), 3148–3153,
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACC.2012.6315120, Montréal, Canada, 27–29 June 2012. a, b, c
Veers, P., Dykes, K., Lantz, E., Barth, S., Bottasso, C. L., Carlson, O.,
Clifton, A., Green, J., Green, P., Holttinen, H., Laird, D., Lehtomäki, V.,
Lundquist, J. K., Manwell, J., Marquis, M., Meneveau, C., Moriarty, P.,
Munduate, X., Muskulus, M., Naughton, J., Pao, L., Paquette, J., Peinke, J.,
Robertson, A., Rodrigo, J. S., Sempreviva, A. M., Smith, J. C., Tuohy, A.,
and Wiser, R.: Grand challenges in the science of wind energy, Science, 366,
eaau2027, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2027, 2019. a
Wang, C., Campagnolo, F., Canet, H., Barreiro, D. J., and Bottasso, C. L.: How realistic are the wakes of scaled wind turbine models?, Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 961–981, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-961-2021, 2021.
a
Wise, A. S. and Bachynski, E. E.: Wake meandering effects on floating wind
turbines, Wind Energy, 23, 1266–1285, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2485, 2020. a
Short summary
The aerodynamics of floating wind turbines is complicated by large motions permitted by the foundation. The interaction between turbine, wind, and wake is not yet fully understood. The wind tunnel experiments of this paper shed light on the aerodynamic force and wake response of the floating IEA 15 MW turbine subjected to platform motion as would occur during normal operation. This will help future research on turbine and wind farm control.
The aerodynamics of floating wind turbines is complicated by large motions permitted by the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint