Articles | Volume 7, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2149-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2149-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
28 Oct 2022
Research article |
| 28 Oct 2022
| 28 Oct 2022
Model tests of a 10 MW semi-submersible floating wind turbine under waves and wind using hybrid method to integrate the rotor thrust and moments
Felipe Vittori
Department of Wind Turbine Analysis and Design, National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER), Ciudad de la Innovación, 7, 31621 Sarriguren (Navarra), Spain
José Azcona
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Wind Turbine Analysis and Design, National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER), Ciudad de la Innovación, 7, 31621 Sarriguren (Navarra), Spain
Irene Eguinoa
Department of Wind Turbine Analysis and Design, National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER), Ciudad de la Innovación, 7, 31621 Sarriguren (Navarra), Spain
Oscar Pires
Department of Wind Turbine Analysis and Design, National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER), Ciudad de la Innovación, 7, 31621 Sarriguren (Navarra), Spain
Alberto Rodríguez
Saitec Offshore Technologies, Parque Empresarial Ibarrabarri, Edf. A2, 48940 Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
Álex Morató
Saitec Offshore Technologies, Parque Empresarial Ibarrabarri, Edf. A2, 48940 Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
Carlos Garrido
Saitec Offshore Technologies, Parque Empresarial Ibarrabarri, Edf. A2, 48940 Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
Cian Desmond
Department of Environmental Research Institute-MAREI, University College Cork, Haulbowline Road, Ringaskiddy, P43C573, Cork, Ireland
Related authors
Iñaki Sandua-Fernández, Felipe Vittori, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Irene Eguinoa, and José Azcona-Armendáriz
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 277–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-277-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-277-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work analyses in detail the causes of the yaw drift in floating offshore wind turbines with a single-point-mooring system induced by an upwind wind turbine. The ability of an individual pitch control strategy based on yaw misalignment is demonstrated through simulations using the NREL 5 MW wind turbine mounted on a single-point-mooring version of the DeepCwind OC4 floating platform. This effect is considered to be relevant for all single-point-moored concepts.
Adhyanth Giri Ajay, Laurence Morgan, Yan Wu, David Bretos, Aurelio Cascales, Oscar Pires, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 453–470, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-453-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-453-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper compares six different numerical models to predict the performance of an X-shaped vertical-axis wind turbine, offering insights into how it works in 3D when its blades are fixed at specific angles. The results showed the 3D models here reliably predict the performance while still taking this turbine's complex aerodynamics into account compared to 2D models. Further, these blade angles caused more complexity in predicting the turbine's behaviour, which is highlighted in this paper.
Guillén Campaña-Alonso, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Beatriz Méndez-López, Pablo Benito-Cia, and José Azcona-Armendáriz
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1597–1611, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1597-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1597-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Wind energy is one of the pillars to accomplish the future objectives established by governments with regard to the reduction in emissions of CO2 expected by 2050. Wind energy usage increase will only be possible if more efficient and durable wind turbines are designed. In addition, such increases in wind energy installation worldwide can only be achieved if floating wind turbine design is mature enough. With this purpose a new tool to design and optimize floating wind turbines is presented.
Iñaki Sandua-Fernández, Felipe Vittori, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Irene Eguinoa, and José Azcona-Armendáriz
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 277–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-277-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-277-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work analyses in detail the causes of the yaw drift in floating offshore wind turbines with a single-point-mooring system induced by an upwind wind turbine. The ability of an individual pitch control strategy based on yaw misalignment is demonstrated through simulations using the NREL 5 MW wind turbine mounted on a single-point-mooring version of the DeepCwind OC4 floating platform. This effect is considered to be relevant for all single-point-moored concepts.
Konstanze Kölle, Tuhfe Göçmen, Irene Eguinoa, Leonardo Andrés Alcayaga Román, Maria Aparicio-Sanchez, Ju Feng, Johan Meyers, Vasilis Pettas, and Ishaan Sood
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2181–2200, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2181-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2181-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper studies wind farm flow control (WFFC) in simulations with variable electricity prices. The results indicate that considering the electricity price in the operational strategy can be beneficial with respect to the gained income compared to focusing on the power gain only. Moreover, revenue maximization by balancing power production and structural load reduction is demonstrated at the example of a single wind turbine.
Tuhfe Göçmen, Filippo Campagnolo, Thomas Duc, Irene Eguinoa, Søren Juhl Andersen, Vlaho Petrović, Lejla Imširović, Robert Braunbehrens, Jaime Liew, Mads Baungaard, Maarten Paul van der Laan, Guowei Qian, Maria Aparicio-Sanchez, Rubén González-Lope, Vinit V. Dighe, Marcus Becker, Maarten J. van den Broek, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, Adam Stock, Matthew Cole, Renzo Ruisi, Ervin Bossanyi, Niklas Requate, Simon Strnad, Jonas Schmidt, Lukas Vollmer, Ishaan Sood, and Johan Meyers
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1791–1825, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1791-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1791-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The FarmConners benchmark is the first of its kind to bring a wide variety of data sets, control settings, and model complexities for the (initial) assessment of wind farm flow control benefits. Here we present the first part of the benchmark results for three blind tests with large-scale rotors and 11 participating models in total, via direct power comparisons at the turbines as well as the observed or estimated power gain at the wind farm level under wake steering control strategy.
Rahul Chitteth Ramachandran, Cian Desmond, Frances Judge, Jorrit-Jan Serraris, and Jimmy Murphy
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 903–924, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Marine operations represent a significant proportion of costs involved in the installation, operation, maintenance and decommissioning phases of a floating wind farm. The floating-wind industry is reaching array-scale deployments, and it is very important to optimize the various marine operations involved in each of these phases. This paper analyses the various challenges in the path and opportunities for encountering them by the transfer of technical know-how from similar offshore sectors.
Navid Belvasi, Frances Judge, Jimmy Murphy, Brian Flannery, and Cian Desmond
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2021-128, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2021-128, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
In tank testing, the use of the underwater stereoscopic PIV method to fully characterise the 3D flow field around floating platforms can provide a rich source of validation data and overcome some of the limitations associated with more classical measurement techniques. Therefore, in the current study, the key considerations for using S-PIV for this purpose are discussed; meanwhile, the related studies in the field of quantitative flow measurements are reviewed.
Related subject area
Thematic area: Fluid mechanics | Topic: Wind turbine aerodynamics
Wind turbine rotors in surge motion: new insights into unsteady aerodynamics of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) from experiments and simulations
An insight into the capability of the actuator line method to resolve tip vortices
Aerodynamic model comparison for an X-shaped vertical-axis wind turbine
Development and application of a mesh generator intended for unsteady vortex-lattice method simulations of wind turbines and wind farms
An experimental study on the aerodynamic loads of a floating offshore wind turbine under imposed motions
Developing a digital twin framework for wind tunnel testing: validation of turbulent inflow and airfoil load applications
Influence of rotor blade flexibility on the near-wake behavior of the NREL 5 MW wind turbine
Field-data-based validation of an aero-servo-elastic solver for high-fidelity large-eddy simulations of industrial wind turbines
An analytical linear two-dimensional actuator disc model and comparisons with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations
On the characteristics of the wake of a wind turbine undergoing large motions caused by a floating structure: an insight based on experiments and multi-fidelity simulations from the OC6 project Phase III
Forced-motion simulations of vortex-induced vibrations of wind turbine blades – a study of sensitivities
Towards smart blades for vertical axis wind turbines: different airfoil shapes and tip speed ratios
Numerical study of the unsteady blade root aerodynamics of a 2 MW wind turbine equipped with vortex generators
A Code-to-Code Comparison for Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Simulation in Realistic Environmental Conditions: Quantifying the Impact of Modeling Fidelity on Different Substructure Concepts
Going Beyond BEM with BEM: an Insight into Dynamic Inflow Effects on Floating Wind Turbines
Generalized analytical body force model for actuator disc computations of wind turbines
Nonlinear inviscid aerodynamics of a wind turbine rotor in surge, sway, and yaw motions using a free-wake panel method
OC6 project Phase III: validation of the aerodynamic loading on a wind turbine rotor undergoing large motion caused by a floating support structure
A simple vortex model applied to an idealized rotor in sheared inflow
Comparison of free vortex wake and blade element momentum results against large-eddy simulation results for highly flexible turbines under challenging inflow conditions
Numerical simulations of ice accretion on wind turbine blades: are performance losses due to ice shape or surface roughness?
Progress in the validation of rotor aerodynamic codes using field data
A comparison of dynamic inflow models for the blade element momentum method
Multiple limit cycle amplitudes in high-fidelity predictions of standstill wind turbine blade vibrations
Atmospheric rotating rig testing of a swept blade tip and comparison with multi-fidelity aeroelastic simulations
A WaveNet-based fully stochastic dynamic stall model
Experimental analysis of the dynamic inflow effect due to coherent gusts
High-Reynolds-number wind turbine blade equipped with root spoilers – Part 2: Impact on energy production and turbine lifetime
Wind tunnel investigation of the aerodynamic response of two 15 MW floating wind turbines
Vertical wake deflection for floating wind turbines by differential ballast control
High-fidelity aeroelastic analyses of wind turbines in complex terrain: fluid–structure interaction and aerodynamic modeling
Development of a wireless, non-intrusive, MEMS-based pressure and acoustic measurement system for large-scale operating wind turbine blades
How should the lift and drag forces be calculated from 2-D airfoil data for dihedral or coned wind turbine blades?
Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Umut Özinan, Po Wen Cheng, and Moustafa Abdel-Maksoud
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 665–695, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-665-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the underlying physical phenomena of the aerodynamics of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) is crucial for successful simulations. No consensus has been reached in the research community on which unsteady aerodynamic phenomena are relevant and how much they can influence the loads acting on a FOWT. This work contributes to the understanding and characterisation of such unsteady phenomena using a novel experimental approach and comprehensive numerical investigations.
Pier Francesco Melani, Omar Sherif Mohamed, Stefano Cioni, Francesco Balduzzi, and Alessandro Bianchini
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 601–622, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-601-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-601-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The actuator line method (ALM) is a powerful tool for wind turbine simulation but struggles to resolve tip effects. The reason is still unclear. To investigate this, we use advanced angle of attack sampling and vortex tracking techniques to analyze the flow around a NACA0018 finite wing, simulated with ALM and blade-resolved computational fluid dynamics. Results show that the ALM can account for tip effects if the correct angle of attack sampling and force projection strategies are adopted.
Adhyanth Giri Ajay, Laurence Morgan, Yan Wu, David Bretos, Aurelio Cascales, Oscar Pires, and Carlos Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 453–470, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-453-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-453-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper compares six different numerical models to predict the performance of an X-shaped vertical-axis wind turbine, offering insights into how it works in 3D when its blades are fixed at specific angles. The results showed the 3D models here reliably predict the performance while still taking this turbine's complex aerodynamics into account compared to 2D models. Further, these blade angles caused more complexity in predicting the turbine's behaviour, which is highlighted in this paper.
Bruno A. Roccia, Luis R. Ceballos, Marcos L. Verstraete, and Cristian G. Gebhardt
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 385–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In the literature there is a lack of meshing tools when it comes to building aerodynamic grids of wind turbines/farms to be used along with potential flow solvers. In this work, we present a detailed description of the geometric modeling and computational implementation of an interactive mesh generator, named UVLMeshGen, for onshore/offshore wind farms. The work is completed by providing a series of aerodynamic results related to wind turbines/farms to show the capacity of the mesh generator.
Federico Taruffi, Felipe Novais, and Axelle Viré
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 343–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-343-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-343-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Floating wind turbines are subject to complex aerodynamics that are not yet fully understood. Lab-scale experiments are crucial for capturing these phenomena and validate numerical tools. This paper presents a new wind tunnel experimental setup able to study the response of a wind turbine rotor when subjected to prescribed motions in 6 degrees of freedom. The observed unsteady effects underscore the importance of pursuing research on the impact of floater motions on wind turbine performance.
Rishabh Mishra, Emmanuel Guilmineau, Ingrid Neunaber, and Caroline Braud
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 235–252, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-235-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the impact of turbulence on aerodynamic forces, we first model turbulent kinetic energy decay theoretically using the Taylor length scale and employ this model to create a digital wind tunnel replica for simulating grid-generated turbulence. Experimental validation shows good alignment among theory, simulations, and experiments, paving the way for aerodynamic simulations. Finally, we successfully use the digital replica to obtain force coefficients for a 2D rotor blade section.
Leo Höning, Laura J. Lukassen, Bernhard Stoevesandt, and Iván Herráez
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 203–218, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-203-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-203-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes the impact of wind turbine rotor blade flexibility on the aerodynamic loading of the blades and the consequential wind characteristics in the near wake of the turbine. It is shown that gravitation leads to rotational periodic fluctuations of blade loading, which directly impacts the trajectory of the blade tip vortex at different rotor blade positions while also resulting in a non-uniform wind velocity deficit in the wake of the wind turbine.
Etienne Muller, Simone Gremmo, Félix Houtin-Mongrolle, Bastien Duboc, and Pierre Bénard
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 25–48, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-25-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-25-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents an advanced tool designed for the high-fidelity and high-performance simulation of operating wind turbines, allowing for instance the computation of a blade deformation, as well as of the surrounding airflow. As this tool relies on coupling two existing codes, the coupling strategy is first described in depth. The article then compares the code results to field data for validation.
Helge Aagaard Madsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1853–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1853-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1853-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a linear analytical solution for a two-dimensional (2-D) actuator disc (AD) for a plane disc, a yawed disc and a coned disc. Comparisons of the 2-D model with three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) AD simulations for a circular yawed disc and with an axis-symmetric CFD simulation of a coned disc show good correlation for the normal velocity component of the disc. This indicates that the 2-D AD model could form the basis for a consistent, simple new rotor induction model.
Stefano Cioni, Francesco Papi, Leonardo Pagamonci, Alessandro Bianchini, Néstor Ramos-García, Georg Pirrung, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Ronan Boisard, Alessandro Fontanella, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Marco Belloli, Andrea Sanvito, Giacomo Persico, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Yarong Zhou, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Ricardo Amaral, Axelle Viré, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, David Marten, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Pau Trubat, Climent Molins, Roger Bergua, Emmanuel Branlard, Jason Jonkman, and Amy Robertson
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1659–1691, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of different fidelities made by the participants of the OC6 project Phase III are compared to wind tunnel wake measurements on a floating wind turbine. Results in the near wake confirm that simulations and experiments tend to diverge from the expected linearized quasi-steady behavior when the reduced frequency exceeds 0.5. In the far wake, the impact of platform motion is overestimated by simulations and even seems to be oriented to the generation of a wake less prone to dissipation.
Christian Grinderslev, Felix Houtin-Mongrolle, Niels Nørmark Sørensen, Georg Raimund Pirrung, Pim Jacobs, Aqeel Ahmed, and Bastien Duboc
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1625–1638, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1625-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1625-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In standstill conditions wind turbines are at risk of vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs). VIVs can become large and lead to significant fatigue of the wind turbine structure over time. Thus it is important to have tools that can accurately compute this complex phenomenon. This paper studies the sensitivities to the chosen models of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations when modelling VIVs and finds that much care is needed when setting up simulations, especially for specific flow angles.
Mohammad Rasoul Tirandaz, Abdolrahim Rezaeiha, and Daniel Micallef
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1403–1424, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1403-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1403-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical axis wind turbines experience a variation of torque and power throughout their rotation. Traditional non-morphing blades are intrinsically not able to respond to this variation, resulting in a turbine which has suboptimal performance. In principle, it is possible to have a morphing blade that adapts to the blade's rotation and changes its geometry in such a way as to optimise the performance of the turbine. This paper addresses the question of how such blade should morph as it rotates.
Ferdinand Seel, Thorsten Lutz, and Ewald Krämer
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1369–1385, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vortex generators are evaluated on a 2 MW wind turbine rotor blade by computational fluid dynamic methods. Those devices delay flow separation on the airfoils and thus increase their efficiency. On the wind turbine blade, rotational phenomena (e.g. rotational augmentation) appear and interact with the vortices from the vortex generators. The understanding of those interactions is crucial in order to optimise the placement of the vortex generators and evaluate their real efficiency on the blade.
Francesco Papi, Giancarlo Troise, Robert Behrens de Luna, Joseph Saverin, Sebastian Perez-Becker, David Marten, Marie-Laure Ducasse, and Alessandro Bianchini
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-107, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-107, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
Wind turbines are simulated for thousands of hours to estimate structural design loads. Mid-fidelity numerical models are used for this task, to strike a balance between computational cost and accuracy. The considerable displacements of floating wind turbines may be a challenge for some of these models. This paper enhances comprehension of how modeling theories affect floating wind turbine simulations. It does so by assessing three codes across three turbines simulated in the real environment.
Francesco Papi, Jason Jonkman, Amy Robertson, and Alessandro Bianchini
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-109, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-109, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
Short summary
Blade Element Momentum theory (BEM) is the backbone of many industry-standard aerodynamic models. However, the analysis of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) introduces new challenges, which could put BEM models to the test. This study systematically compares four aerodynamic models, ranging from BEM to Computational Fluid Dynamics, in an attempt to shed light on the unsteady aerodynamic phenomena that are at stake in FOWTs and whether BEM is able to model them appropriately.
Jens N. Sørensen
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1017–1027, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1017-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1017-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a simple analytical model that, with surprisingly good accuracy, represents the loading for virtually any horizontal axis wind turbine, independent of size and operating regime. The aim of the model is to have a simple tool that may represent the loading of any wind turbine without having access to the details regarding the specific geometry and airfoil data, information that is normally kept confidential by the manufacturer of the turbine.
André F. P. Ribeiro, Damiano Casalino, and Carlos S. Ferreira
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 661–675, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-661-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-661-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Floating offshore wind turbines move due to not having a rigid foundation. Hence, as the blades rotate they experience more complex aerodynamics than standard onshore wind turbines. In this paper, we show computational simulations of a wind turbine rotor moving in various ways and quantify the effects of the motion in the forces acting on the blades. We show that these forces behave in nonlinear ways in some cases.
Roger Bergua, Amy Robertson, Jason Jonkman, Emmanuel Branlard, Alessandro Fontanella, Marco Belloli, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Giacomo Persico, Andrea Sanvito, Ervin Amet, Cédric Brun, Guillén Campaña-Alonso, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Ruolin Cai, Jifeng Cai, Quan Qian, Wen Maoshi, Alec Beardsell, Georg Pirrung, Néstor Ramos-García, Wei Shi, Jie Fu, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Tor Anders Nygaard, Carlos Renan dos Santos, Philippe Gilbert, Pierre-Antoine Joulin, Frédéric Blondel, Eelco Frickel, Peng Chen, Zhiqiang Hu, Ronan Boisard, Kutay Yilmazlar, Alessandro Croce, Violette Harnois, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Ander Aristondo, Iñigo Mendikoa Alonso, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Feike Savenije, David Marten, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Alessandro Bianchini, Francesco Papi, Stefano Cioni, Pau Trubat, Daniel Alarcon, Climent Molins, Marion Cormier, Konstantin Brüker, Thorsten Lutz, Qing Xiao, Zhongsheng Deng, Florence Haudin, and Akhilesh Goveas
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 465–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work examines if the motion experienced by an offshore floating wind turbine can significantly affect the rotor performance. It was observed that the system motion results in variations in the load, but these variations are not critical, and the current simulation tools capture the physics properly. Interestingly, variations in the rotor speed or the blade pitch angle can have a larger impact than the system motion itself.
Mac Gaunaa, Niels Troldborg, and Emmanuel Branlard
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 503–513, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-503-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-503-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an analytical vortex model. Despite its simplicity, the model is fully consistent with 1D momentum theory. It shows that the flow through a non-uniformly loaded rotor operating in non-uniform inflow behaves locally as predicted by 1D momentum theory. As a consequence, the local power coefficient (based on local inflow) of an ideal rotor is unaltered by the presence of shear. Finally, the model shows that there is no cross-shear deflection of the wake of a rotor in sheared inflow.
Kelsey Shaler, Benjamin Anderson, Luis A. Martínez-Tossas, Emmanuel Branlard, and Nick Johnson
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 383–399, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Free-vortex wake (OLAF) and low-fidelity blade-element momentum (BEM) structural results are compared to high-fidelity simulation results for a flexible downwind turbine for varying inflow conditions. Overall, OLAF results were more consistent than BEM results when compared to SOWFA results under challenging inflow conditions. Differences between OLAF and BEM results were dominated by yaw misalignment angle, with varying shear exponent and turbulence intensity causing more subtle differences.
Francesco Caccia and Alberto Guardone
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 341–362, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-341-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-341-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice roughness deteriorates wind turbine aerodynamics. We have shown numerically that this also occurs when complex ice shapes are present on the leading edge, as long as the blade's wet region extends beyond the ice shape itself and roughness elements are high enough. Such features are typical of icing events on wind turbines but are not captured by current icing simulation tools. Future research should focus on correctly computing both the wet region of the blade and the roughness height.
Koen Boorsma, Gerard Schepers, Helge Aagard Madsen, Georg Pirrung, Niels Sørensen, Galih Bangga, Manfred Imiela, Christian Grinderslev, Alexander Meyer Forsting, Wen Zhong Shen, Alessandro Croce, Stefano Cacciola, Alois Peter Schaffarczyk, Brandon Lobo, Frederic Blondel, Philippe Gilbert, Ronan Boisard, Leo Höning, Luca Greco, Claudio Testa, Emmanuel Branlard, Jason Jonkman, and Ganesh Vijayakumar
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 211–230, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Within the framework of the fourth phase of the International Energy Agency's (IEA) Wind Task 29, a large comparison exercise between measurements and aeroelastic simulations has been carried out. Results were obtained from more than 19 simulation tools of various fidelity, originating from 12 institutes and compared to state-of-the-art field measurements. The result is a unique insight into the current status and accuracy of rotor aerodynamic modeling.
Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Gerard Schepers, and Feike Savenije
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 193–210, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-193-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-193-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Modern wind turbines are subject to complex wind conditions that are far from the hypothesis of steady uniform inflow at the core of blade element momentum methods (the current industry standard for wind turbine design). Various corrections have been proposed to model this complexity. The present work focuses on modelling the unsteady evolution of wind turbine wakes (dynamic inflow), comparing the different corrections available and highlighting their effects on design load predictions.
Christian Grinderslev, Niels Nørmark Sørensen, Georg Raimund Pirrung, and Sergio González Horcas
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2201–2213, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2201-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2201-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As wind turbines increase in size, the risk of flow-induced instabilities increases. This study investigates the phenomenon of vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) on a large 10 MW wind turbine blade using two high-fidelity methods. It is found that VIVs can occur with multiple equilibrium states for the same flow case, showing an dependence on the initial conditions. This means that a blade which is stable in a flow can become unstable if, e.g., a turbine operation provokes an initial vibration.
Thanasis Barlas, Georg Raimund Pirrung, Néstor Ramos-García, Sergio González Horcas, Ang Li, and Helge Aagaard Madsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1957–1973, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1957-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1957-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An aeroelastically optimized curved wind turbine blade tip is designed, manufactured, and tested on a novel outdoor rotating rig facility at the Risø campus of the Technical University of Denmark. Detailed aerodynamic measurements for various atmospheric conditions and results are compared to a series of in-house aeroelastic tools with a range of fidelities in aerodynamic modeling. The comparison highlights details in the ability of the codes to predict the performance of such a curved tip.
Jan-Philipp Küppers and Tamara Reinicke
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1889–1903, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1889-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1889-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Airfoils play a major role in the technical harnessing of energy from currents such as wind and water. When the angle of attack of a wing changes dynamically, the forces on the wing often change more than would have been assumed from static measurements alone. Since these dynamic forces have a strong influence, e.g., on the performance of airplanes and wind turbines, a neural-network-based model was created that can predict these loads and their stochastic fluctuations.
Frederik Berger, Lars Neuhaus, David Onnen, Michael Hölling, Gerard Schepers, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1827–1846, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1827-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1827-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We proof the dynamic inflow effect due to gusts in wind tunnel experiments with MoWiTO 1.8 in the large wind tunnel of ForWind – University of Oldenburg, where we created coherent gusts with an active grid. The effect is isolated in loads and rotor flow by comparison of a quasi-steady and a dynamic case. The observed effect is not caught by common dynamic inflow engineering models. An improvement to the Øye dynamic inflow model is proposed, matching experiment and corresponding FVWM simulations.
Thomas Potentier, Emmanuel Guilmineau, Arthur Finez, Colin Le Bourdat, and Caroline Braud
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1771–1790, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1771-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1771-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A wind turbine blade equipped with root spoilers is analysed using time domain aeroelastic simulations to assess the impact of passive devices on the turbine AEP and lifetime. A novel way to account for aerofoil-generated unsteadiness in the fatigue calculation is proposed and detailed. The outcome shows that spoilers, on average, can increase the AEP of the turbine. However, the structural impacts on the turbine can be severe if not accounted for initially in the turbine design.
Alessandro Fontanella, Alan Facchinetti, Simone Di Carlo, and Marco Belloli
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1711–1729, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1711-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1711-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The aerodynamics of floating wind turbines is complicated by large motions permitted by the foundation. The interaction between turbine, wind, and wake is not yet fully understood. The wind tunnel experiments of this paper shed light on the aerodynamic force and wake response of the floating IEA 15 MW turbine subjected to platform motion as would occur during normal operation. This will help future research on turbine and wind farm control.
Emmanouil M. Nanos, Carlo L. Bottasso, Simone Tamaro, Dimitris I. Manolas, and Vasilis A. Riziotis
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1641–1660, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1641-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1641-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A novel way of wind farm control is presented where the wake is deflected vertically to reduce interactions with downstream turbines. This is achieved by moving ballast in a floating offshore platform in order to pitch the support structure and thereby tilt the wind turbine rotor disk. The study considers the effects of this new form of wake control on the aerodynamics of the steering and wake-affected turbines, on the structure, and on the ballast motion system.
Giorgia Guma, Philipp Bucher, Patrick Letzgus, Thorsten Lutz, and Roland Wüchner
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1421–1439, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1421-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1421-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wind turbine aeroelasticity is becoming more and more important because turbine sizes are increasingly leading to more slender blades. On the other hand, complex terrains are of interest because they are far away from urban areas. These regions are characterized by low velocities and high turbulence and are mostly influenced by the presence of forest, and that is why it is necessary to develop high-fidelity tools to correctly simulate the wind turbine's response.
Sarah Barber, Julien Deparday, Yuriy Marykovskiy, Eleni Chatzi, Imad Abdallah, Gregory Duthé, Michele Magno, Tommaso Polonelli, Raphael Fischer, and Hanna Müller
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1383–1398, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1383-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1383-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Aerodynamic and acoustic field measurements on operating large-scale wind turbines are key for the further reduction in the costs of wind energy. In this work, a novel cost-effective MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems)-based aerodynamic and acoustic wireless measurement system that is thin, non-intrusive, easy to install, low power and self-sustaining is designed and tested.
Ang Li, Mac Gaunaa, Georg Raimund Pirrung, Alexander Meyer Forsting, and Sergio González Horcas
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1341–1365, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1341-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1341-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A consistent method of using two-dimensional airfoil data when using generalized lifting-line methods for the aerodynamic load calculation of non-planar horizontal-axis wind turbines is described. The important conclusions from the unsteady two-dimensional airfoil aerodynamics are highlighted. The impact of using a simplified approach instead of using the full model on the prediction of the aerodynamic performance of non-planar rotors is shown numerically for different aerodynamic models.
Cited articles
Azcona, J., Bouchotrouch, F., González, M., Garciandía, J., Munduate, X., Kelberlau, F., and Nygaard, T. A.: Aerodynamic Thrust Modelling in Wave Tank Tests of Offshore Floating Wind Turbines Using a Ducted Fan, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 524, 012089, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012089, 2014a. a, b, c
Azcona, J., Bredmose, H., Campagnolo, F., Manjock, A., Pereira, R., and Sander, F.: INNWIND D4.22: Verification and Validation of design methods for floating structures, http://www.innwind.eu/publications/deliverable-reports (last access: 26 October 2022), 2014b. a
Azcona, J., Bouchotrouch, F., and Vittori, F.: Low-frequency dynamics of a floating wind turbine in wave tank-scaled experiments with SiL hybrid method, Wind Energy, 22, 1402–1413, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2377, 2019. a, b, c, d
Bachynski, E., Chavaud, V., and Sauder, T.: Real Time Hybrid Model Testing of Floating Wind Turbines: Sensitivity to Limited Actuation, Energy Procedia, 80, 2–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.400, 2015. a
Bak, C., Zahle, F., Bitsche, R., Taeseong, K., Yde, A., Henrik-sen, L. C., Natarajan, A., and Hansen, M. H.: Descrip-tion of the DTU 10 MW Reference Wind Turbine, Technical Report Report-I-0092, DTU Wind Energy, https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/55645274/The_DTU_10MW_Reference_Turbine_Christian_Bak..pdf (last access: 26 October 2022), 2013. a
Belloli, M., Bayati, I., Facchinetti, A., Fontanella, A., Giberti, H., La Mura, F., Taruffi, F., and Zasso, A.: A hybrid methodology for wind tunnel testing of floating offshore wind turbines, Ocean Eng., 210, 107592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107592, 2020. a
Bredmose, H., Larsen, S. E., Matha, D., Rettenmeier, A., Marino, E., and Saettran, L.: MARINET D2.4: Collation of offshore wind wave dynamics, https://www.marinet2.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/D2.04-Collation-of-Offshore-Wind-Wave-Dynamics.pdf
(last access: 26 October 2022), 2012. a
Chakrabarti, S. K.: Handbook of Offshore Engineering, in: Vol. 2, Elsevier, p. 1004, ISBN 9780080523811, 2005. a
DNV-ST-0119: Floating wind turbine structures, Standard, DNV AS, DNV GL,
https://rules.dnv.com (last access: 26 October 2022), 2021. a
Faltinsen, O. M.: Sea Loads on Ships and Offshore Structures, Cambridge University Press, p. 12, ISBN 0521458706, 1990. a
Fontanella, A., Liu, Y., Azcona, J., Pires, O., Bayati, I., Gueydon, S., de Ridder, E. J., van Wingerden, J. W., and Belloli, M.: A hardware-in-the-loop wave-basin scale-model experiment for the validation of control strategies for floating offshore wind turbines, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 1618, 032038, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1618/3/032038, 2020. a
Jonkman, B.: TurbSim user's guide: version 2.0, Draft Report, NREL, Boulder, CO, USA, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39797.pdf (last acces: 26 October 2022), 2016. a
Journée, J. M. J. and Massie, W. W.: Offshore Hydromechanics, 1st Edn., Delft University of Technology, Delft, 10–28, 2001. a
Koch, C., Lemmer, F., Borisade, F., Matha, D., and Cheng, P. W.: Validation of INNWIND.EU Scaled Model Tests of a semisubmersible Floating Wind Turbine, in: Proceedings of the Twenty sixth International Conference on Offshore and Polar Engineering, 17–22 June 2016, Rhodes, Greece, https://doi.org/10.18419/opus-8967, 2016. a
Lee C. H. and Newman J. N.: WAMIT® User Manual, Versions 6.3, 6.3PC, 6.3S, 6.3S-PC, WAMIT, Inc., Chestnut Hill, MA, https://www.wamit.com/manual.pdf (last access: 26 October 2022), 2006. a
Pires, O., Azcona, J., Vittori, F., Bayati, I., Gueydon, S., Fontanella, A., Liu, Y., de Ridder, E. J., Belloli, M., and van Wingerden, J. W.: Inclusion of rotor moments in scaled wave tank test of a floating wind turbine using SiL hybrid method, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 1618, 032048, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1618/3/032048, 2020. a
Roald, L., Jonkman, J., Robertson, A., and Chokani, N.: The effect of second-order hydrodynamics on floating offshore wind turbines, Energy Procedia, 35, 253–264, 2010. a
Robertson, A., Jonkman, J., Masciola, M., Molta, P., Goupee, A., Coulling, J., Prowell, I., and Browning, J.: Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations Drawn from the DeepCWind Scaled Floating Offshore Wind System Test Campaign, in: 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering OMAE, 8–13 June 2013, Nantes, France, https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2013-10817, 2013. a
Robertson, A., Gueydon, S., Bachynski, E., Wang, L., Jonkman, J., Alarcón, D., Amet, E., Beardsell, A., Bonnet, P., Boudet, B., Brun, C., Chen, Z., Féron, M., Forbush, D., Galinos, C., Galvan, J., Gilbert, P., Gómez, J., Harnois, V., Haudin, F., Hu, Z., Dreff, J., Leimeister, M., Lemmer, F., Li, H., Mckinnon, G., Mendikoa, I., Moghtadaei, A., Netzband, S., Oh, S., Pegalajar-Jurado, A., Nguyen, M., Ruehl, K., Schünemann, P., Shi, W., Shin, H., Si, Y., Surmont, F., Trubat, P., Qwist, J., and Wohlfahrt-Laymann, S.: OC6 Phase I: Investigating the Underprediction of Low-Frequency Hydrodynamic Loads and Responses of a Floating Wind Turbine, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 1618, 032033, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1618/3/032033, 2020. a, b
Roddier, D., Cermelli, C., Aubault, C., and Weinstein, A.: WindFloat: A Floating foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines, J. Renew. Sustain. Energ., 2 033104, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3435339, 2010. a
Vittori, F., Bouchotrouch, F., Lemmer, F., and Azcona, J.: Hybrid scaled testing of a 5 MW floating wind turbine using the SiL method compared with numerical models, in: 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering OMAE, 17–22 June 2018, Madrid, Spain, https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2018-77853, 2018. a
Vittori, F., Pires, O., Azcona, J., Uzunolgu, E., Guedes-Soares, C., Zamora-Rodríguez, R., and Souto-Iglesias, A.: Hybrid scaled testing of a 10 MW TLP floating wind turbine using the SiL method to integrate the rotor thrust and moments, Developments in Renewable Energies Offshore, 1st Edn., Taylor & Francis Group, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003134572-48, 2020. a, b
Short summary
This paper describes the results of a wave tank test campaign of a scaled SATH 10 MW INNWIND floating platform. The software-in-the-loop (SiL) hybrid method was used to include the wind turbine thrust and the in-plane rotor moments. Experimental results are compared with a numerical model developed in OpenFAST of the floating wind turbine. The results are discussed, identifying limitations of the numerical models and obtaining conclusions on how to improve them.
This paper describes the results of a wave tank test campaign of a scaled SATH 10 MW INNWIND...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint