Articles | Volume 8, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-303-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-303-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
On the laminar–turbulent transition mechanism on megawatt wind turbine blades operating in atmospheric flow
Brandon Arthur Lobo
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Mechanical Engineering Department, Kiel University of Applied Sciences, 24149 Kiel, Germany
Özge Sinem Özçakmak
Department of Wind Energy, Denmark Technical University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Helge Aagaard Madsen
Department of Wind Energy, Denmark Technical University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Alois Peter Schaffarczyk
Mechanical Engineering Department, Kiel University of Applied Sciences, 24149 Kiel, Germany
Michael Breuer
Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Helmut-Schmidt-Universität Hamburg, 22043 Hamburg, Germany
Niels N. Sørensen
Department of Wind Energy, Denmark Technical University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
Related authors
Koen Boorsma, Gerard Schepers, Helge Aagard Madsen, Georg Pirrung, Niels Sørensen, Galih Bangga, Manfred Imiela, Christian Grinderslev, Alexander Meyer Forsting, Wen Zhong Shen, Alessandro Croce, Stefano Cacciola, Alois Peter Schaffarczyk, Brandon Lobo, Frederic Blondel, Philippe Gilbert, Ronan Boisard, Leo Höning, Luca Greco, Claudio Testa, Emmanuel Branlard, Jason Jonkman, and Ganesh Vijayakumar
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 211–230, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Within the framework of the fourth phase of the International Energy Agency's (IEA) Wind Task 29, a large comparison exercise between measurements and aeroelastic simulations has been carried out. Results were obtained from more than 19 simulation tools of various fidelity, originating from 12 institutes and compared to state-of-the-art field measurements. The result is a unique insight into the current status and accuracy of rotor aerodynamic modeling.
Brandon Arthur Lobo, Alois Peter Schaffarczyk, and Michael Breuer
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 967–990, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-967-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-967-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research involves studying the flow around the section of a wind turbine blade, albeit at a lower Reynolds number or flow speed, using wall-resolved large-eddy simulations, a form of computer simulation that resolves the important scales of the flow. Among the many interesting results, it is shown that the energy entering the boundary layer around the airfoil or section of the blade is proportional to the square of the incoming flow turbulence intensity.
Helge Aagaard Madsen, Alejandro Gomez Gonzalez, Thanasis Barlas, Anders Smærup Olsen, Sigurd Brabæk Ildvedsen, and Andreas Fischer
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-75, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-75, 2025
Preprint under review for WES
Short summary
Short summary
In this article we present the measurements of local aerodynamic sectional characteristics on a full-scale rotor blade with a novel add-on instrumentation comprising a wake rake, a pressure belt, and a five hole Pitot tube. In general, the demonstration of this instrumentation opens a range of promising new options for optimizing airfoil sectional performance in its real operating environment, e.g. the size and position of VG's.
Jens Visbech, Tuhfe Göçmen, Özge Sinem Özçakmak, Alexander Meyer Forsting, Ásta Hannesdóttir, and Pierre-Elouan Réthoré
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1811–1826, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Leading-edge erosion (LEE) can impact wind turbine aerodynamics and wind farm efficiency. This study couples LEE prediction, aerodynamic loss modeling, and wind farm flow modeling to show that LEE's effects on wake dynamics can affect overall energy production. Without preventive initiatives, the effects of LEE increase over time, resulting in significant annual energy production (AEP) loss.
Andrea Gamberini, Thanasis Barlas, Alejandro Gomez Gonzalez, and Helge Aagaard Madsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 1229–1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1229-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-1229-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Movable surfaces on wind turbine (WT) blades, called active flaps, can reduce the cost of wind energy. However, they still need extensive testing. This study shows that the computer model used to design a WT with flaps aligns well with measurements obtained from a 3month test on a commercial WT featuring a prototype flap. Particularly during flap actuation, there were minimal differences between simulated and measured data. These findings assure the reliability of WT designs incorporating flaps.
Helge Aagaard Madsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1853–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1853-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1853-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a linear analytical solution for a two-dimensional (2-D) actuator disc (AD) for a plane disc, a yawed disc and a coned disc. Comparisons of the 2-D model with three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) AD simulations for a circular yawed disc and with an axis-symmetric CFD simulation of a coned disc show good correlation for the normal velocity component of the disc. This indicates that the 2-D AD model could form the basis for a consistent, simple new rotor induction model.
Christian Grinderslev, Felix Houtin-Mongrolle, Niels Nørmark Sørensen, Georg Raimund Pirrung, Pim Jacobs, Aqeel Ahmed, and Bastien Duboc
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1625–1638, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1625-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1625-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In standstill conditions wind turbines are at risk of vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs). VIVs can become large and lead to significant fatigue of the wind turbine structure over time. Thus it is important to have tools that can accurately compute this complex phenomenon. This paper studies the sensitivities to the chosen models of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations when modelling VIVs and finds that much care is needed when setting up simulations, especially for specific flow angles.
Paul Veers, Carlo L. Bottasso, Lance Manuel, Jonathan Naughton, Lucy Pao, Joshua Paquette, Amy Robertson, Michael Robinson, Shreyas Ananthan, Thanasis Barlas, Alessandro Bianchini, Henrik Bredmose, Sergio González Horcas, Jonathan Keller, Helge Aagaard Madsen, James Manwell, Patrick Moriarty, Stephen Nolet, and Jennifer Rinker
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1071–1131, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1071-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1071-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Critical unknowns in the design, manufacturing, and operation of future wind turbine and wind plant systems are articulated, and key research activities are recommended.
Maarten Paul van der Laan, Oscar García-Santiago, Mark Kelly, Alexander Meyer Forsting, Camille Dubreuil-Boisclair, Knut Sponheim Seim, Marc Imberger, Alfredo Peña, Niels Nørmark Sørensen, and Pierre-Elouan Réthoré
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 819–848, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-819-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-819-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Offshore wind farms are more commonly installed in wind farm clusters, where wind farm interaction can lead to energy losses. In this work, an efficient numerical method is presented that can be used to estimate these energy losses. The novel method is verified with higher-fidelity numerical models and validated with measurements of an existing wind farm cluster.
Koen Boorsma, Gerard Schepers, Helge Aagard Madsen, Georg Pirrung, Niels Sørensen, Galih Bangga, Manfred Imiela, Christian Grinderslev, Alexander Meyer Forsting, Wen Zhong Shen, Alessandro Croce, Stefano Cacciola, Alois Peter Schaffarczyk, Brandon Lobo, Frederic Blondel, Philippe Gilbert, Ronan Boisard, Leo Höning, Luca Greco, Claudio Testa, Emmanuel Branlard, Jason Jonkman, and Ganesh Vijayakumar
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 211–230, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-211-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-211-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Within the framework of the fourth phase of the International Energy Agency's (IEA) Wind Task 29, a large comparison exercise between measurements and aeroelastic simulations has been carried out. Results were obtained from more than 19 simulation tools of various fidelity, originating from 12 institutes and compared to state-of-the-art field measurements. The result is a unique insight into the current status and accuracy of rotor aerodynamic modeling.
Christian Grinderslev, Niels Nørmark Sørensen, Georg Raimund Pirrung, and Sergio González Horcas
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2201–2213, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2201-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2201-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As wind turbines increase in size, the risk of flow-induced instabilities increases. This study investigates the phenomenon of vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) on a large 10 MW wind turbine blade using two high-fidelity methods. It is found that VIVs can occur with multiple equilibrium states for the same flow case, showing an dependence on the initial conditions. This means that a blade which is stable in a flow can become unstable if, e.g., a turbine operation provokes an initial vibration.
Thanasis Barlas, Georg Raimund Pirrung, Néstor Ramos-García, Sergio González Horcas, Ang Li, and Helge Aagaard Madsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1957–1973, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1957-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1957-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An aeroelastically optimized curved wind turbine blade tip is designed, manufactured, and tested on a novel outdoor rotating rig facility at the Risø campus of the Technical University of Denmark. Detailed aerodynamic measurements for various atmospheric conditions and results are compared to a series of in-house aeroelastic tools with a range of fidelities in aerodynamic modeling. The comparison highlights details in the ability of the codes to predict the performance of such a curved tip.
Mads H. Aa. Madsen, Frederik Zahle, Sergio González Horcas, Thanasis K. Barlas, and Niels N. Sørensen
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1471–1501, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1471-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1471-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a shape optimization framework based on computational fluid dynamics. The design framework is used to optimize wind turbine blade tips for maximum power increase while avoiding that extra loading is incurred. The final results are shown to align well with related literature. The resulting tip shape could be mounted on already installed wind turbines as a sleeve-like solution or be conceived as part of a modular blade with tips designed for site-specific conditions.
Brandon Arthur Lobo, Alois Peter Schaffarczyk, and Michael Breuer
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 967–990, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-967-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-967-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research involves studying the flow around the section of a wind turbine blade, albeit at a lower Reynolds number or flow speed, using wall-resolved large-eddy simulations, a form of computer simulation that resolves the important scales of the flow. Among the many interesting results, it is shown that the energy entering the boundary layer around the airfoil or section of the blade is proportional to the square of the incoming flow turbulence intensity.
Ang Li, Georg Raimund Pirrung, Mac Gaunaa, Helge Aagaard Madsen, and Sergio González Horcas
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 129–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-129-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-129-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An engineering aerodynamic model for the swept horizontal-axis wind turbine blades is proposed. It uses a combination of analytical results and engineering approximations. The performance of the model is comparable with heavier high-fidelity models but has similarly low computational cost as currently used low-fidelity models. The model could be used for an efficient and accurate load calculation of swept wind turbine blades and could eventually be integrated in a design optimization framework.
Thales Fava, Mikaela Lokatt, Niels Sørensen, Frederik Zahle, Ardeshir Hanifi, and Dan Henningson
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 715–736, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-715-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-715-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work develops a simplified framework to predict transition to turbulence on wind-turbine blades. The model is based on the boundary-layer and parabolized stability equations, including rotation and three-dimensionality effects. We show that these effects may promote transition through highly oblique Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) or crossflow modes at low radii, and they should be considered for a correct transition prediction. At high radii, transition tends to occur through 2D TS modes.
Christian Grinderslev, Niels Nørmark Sørensen, Sergio González Horcas, Niels Troldborg, and Frederik Zahle
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 627–643, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-627-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-627-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates aero-elasticity of wind turbines present in the turbulent and chaotic wind flow of the lower atmosphere, using fluid–structure interaction simulations. This method combines structural response computations with high-fidelity modeling of the turbulent wind flow, using a novel turbulence model which combines the capabilities of large-eddy simulations for atmospheric flows with improved delayed detached eddy simulations for the separated flow near the rotor.
Inga Reinwardt, Levin Schilling, Dirk Steudel, Nikolay Dimitrov, Peter Dalhoff, and Michael Breuer
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 441–460, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-441-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-441-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This analysis validates the DWM model based on loads and power production measured at an onshore wind farm. Special focus is given to the performance of a version of the DWM model that was previously recalibrated with a lidar system at the site. The results of the recalibrated wake model agree very well with the measurements. Furthermore, lidar measurements of the wind speed deficit and the wake meandering are incorporated in the DWM model definition in order to decrease the uncertainties.
Alejandro Gomez Gonzalez, Peder B. Enevoldsen, Athanasios Barlas, and Helge A. Madsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 33–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-33-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-33-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work describes a series of tests of active flaps on a 4 MW wind turbine. The measurements were performed between October 2017 and June 2019 using two different active flap configurations on a blade of the turbine, showing a potential to manipulate the loading of the turbine between 5 % and 10 %. This project is performed with the aim of demonstrating a technology with the potential of reducing the levelized cost of energy for wind power.
Özge Sinem Özçakmak, Helge Aagaard Madsen, Niels Nørmark Sørensen, and Jens Nørkær Sørensen
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1487–1505, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1487-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1487-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate prediction of the laminar-turbulent transition process is critical for design and prediction tools to be used in the industrial design process, particularly for the high Reynolds numbers experienced by modern wind turbines. Laminar-turbulent transition behavior of a wind turbine blade section is investigated in this study by means of field experiments and 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) rotor simulations.
Cited articles
Arnal, D., Gasparian, G., and Salinas, H.: Recent Advances in Theoretical
Methods for Laminar-Turbulent Transition Prediction, in: 36th AIAA Aerospace
Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 12–15 January 1998, Reno, NV, USA, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-223, 1998. a
Asada, K. and Kawai, S.: Large-eddy simulation of airfoil flow near stall
condition at Reynolds number 2.1×106, Phys. Fluids, 30, 1139–1145, 2018. a
Boorsma, K., Schepers, J. G., Gomez-Iradi, S., Herraez, I., Lutz, T., Weihing, P., Oggiano, L., Pirrung, G., Madsen, H. A., Shen, W. Z., Rahimi, H., and Schaffarczyk, A. P.: Final report of IEA Wind Task 29 Mexnext (Phase 3), Tech. Rep. ECN-E–18-003, ECN Publications, https://publicaties.ecn.nl/PdfFetch.aspx?nr=ECN-E--18-003 (last access: 1 May 2022), 2018. a
Breuer, M.: A challenging test case for large-eddy simulation: High Reynolds number circular cylinder flow, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 21, 648–654, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-727X(00)00056-4, 2000. a, b
Breuer, M.: Effect of inflow turbulence on an airfoil flow with laminar
separation bubble: An LES study, J. Flow Turbul. Combust., 101, 433–456, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-017-9890-2, 2018. a, b
Buhl, M.: WTchar'_perf user's guide, Tech. rep., NREL, 2004. a
Butler, K. M. and Farrell, B. F.: Three-dimensional optimal perturbations in
viscous shear flow, Phys. Fluids, 4, 1637–1650, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.858386, 1992. a
De Nayer, G., Schmidt, S., Wood, J. N., and Breuer, M.: Enhanced injection
method for synthetically generated turbulence within the flow domain of
eddy-resolving simulations, Comput. Math. Appl., 75, 2338–2355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2017.12.012, 2018. a
FieldView: FieldView Reference Manual, Intelligent Light, 2017. a
FLOWer: Installation and User Manual of the FLOWer Main Version,
Release 1-2008.1, Tech. rep., Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und
Raumfahrt e.V., Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology, Göttingen, Germany, 2008. a
Gao, W., Zhang, W., Cheng, W., and Samtaney, R.: Wall-modelled large-eddy
simulation of turbulent flow past airfoils, J. Fluid Mech., 873, 174–210,
2019. a
Germano, M., Piomelli, U., Moin, P., and Cabot, W. H.: A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model, Phys. Fluids A, 3, 1760–1765, 1991. a
Hansen, M. O. L., Sørensen, N. N., and Michelsen, J. A.: Extraction of lift, drag and angle of attack from computed 3-D viscous flow around a rotating blade, in: 1997 European Wind Energy Conference, Irish Wind Energy Association, 499–502, ISBN 0-9533922-0-1, 1997. a
Hunt, J. C. R. and Carruthers, D. J.: Rapid distortion theory and the `problems' of turbulence, J. Fluid Mech., 212, 497,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112090002075, 1990. a, b
Jacobs, R. G. and Durbin, P. A.: Shear sheltering and the continuous spectrum
of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation, Phys. Fluids, 10, 2006–2011, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.869716, 1998. a, b
Kaimal, J. C.: Turbulence spectra, length scales and structure parameters in
the stable surface layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 4, 289–309, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02265239, 1973. a
Kempf, A., Wysocki, S., and Pettit, M.: An efficient, parallel low-storage
implementation of Klein's turbulence generator for LES and DNS, Comput. Fluids, 60, 58–60, 2012. a
Klebanoff, P. S., Tidstrom, K. D., and Sargent, L. M.: The three-dimensional
nature of boundary-layer instability, J. Fluid Mech., 12, 1–34,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112062000014, 1962. a, b
Kline, S. J., Reynolds, W. C., Schraub, F. A., and Runstadler, P. W.: The
structure of turbulent boundary layers, J. Fluid Mech., 30, 741–773,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112067001740, 1967. a
Krimmelbein, N.: TAU Transition module (V9.30) User Guide (V1.04), Tech. rep., DLR, German Aerospace Association, Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology, 2009. a
Larsen, T. and Hansen, A.: How 2 HAWC2, the user's manual, Risoe-R-1597, Forskningscenter Risoe, Denmark, 2007. a
Lilly, D. K.: A proposed modification of the Germano subgrid-scale closure
method, Phys. Fluids A, 4, 633–635, 1992. a
Lobo, B. A., Boorsma, K., and Schaffarczyk, A. P.: Investigation into boundary layer transition on the MEXICO blade, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 1037, 052020, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1037/5/052020, 2018. a
Lobo, B. A., Schaffarczyk, A. P., and Breuer, M.: Investigation into boundary
layer transition using wall-resolved large-eddy simulations and modeled
inflow turbulence, Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 967–990, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-967-2022, 2022. a, b
Mack, L. M.: Transition and Laminar Instability, No. NASA-CP-153203, NASA Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19770017114 (last access: 1 May 2022), 1977. a
Madsen, H. A., Bak, C., Paulsen, U. S., Gaunaa, M., Fuglsang, P., Romblad, J., Olesen, N., P., E., Laursen, J., and Jensen, L.: The DAN-AERO MW Experiments, Tech. Rep. No. Risø-R-1726(EN), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Risø National laboratoriet for Bæredygtig Energi, https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/990865 (last access: 1 May 2022), 2010a. a, b
Madsen, H. A., Bak, C., Paulsen, U. S., Gaunaa, M., Sørensen, N., Fuglsang, P., Romblad, J., Olesen, N. A., Enevoldsen, P., Laursen, J., and Jensen, L.: The DAN-AERO MW Experiments, AIAA 2010-645, in: 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 4–7 January 2010, Orlando, Florida,
https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-645, 2010b. a, b, c
Madsen, H. A., Özçakmak, Ö. S., Bak, C., Troldborg, N.,
Sørensen, N. N., and Sørensen, J. N.: Transition characteristics measured on a 2 MW 80 m diameter wind turbine rotor in comparison with
transition data from wind tunnel measurements, in: AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum,
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-0801, 2019. a, b, c
Menter, F. R.: Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering
applications, AIAA J., 32, 1598–1605, 1994. a
Menter, F. R., Langtry, R. B., Likki, S. R., Suzen, Y. B., Huang, P. G., and
Völker, S.: A correlation-based transition model using local variables – part I: Model formulation, J. Turbomach. Trans. ASME, 128, 413–422, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2184352, 2006. a
Michelsen, J. A.: Basis3D – A platform for development of multiblock PDE
solvers, Tech. rep., Technical Report AFM 92-05, Technical University of
Denmark, https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/basis3d-a-platform-for-development-of-multiblock-pde-solvers-%CE%B2-re (last access: 1 May 2022), 1992. a, b
Morkovin, M. V.: On the many faces of transition, in: Viscous Drag Reduction,
edited by: Wells, C. S., Springer, Boston, MA, 1–31,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5579-1_1, 1969. a
Özçakmak, Ö.: Laminar-Turbulent Boundary Layer Transition
Characteristics of Wind Turbine Rotors: A numerical and experimental
investigation, PhD thesis, DTU Wind Energy, Denmark, https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/laminar-turbulent-boundary-layer-transition-characteristics-of-wi (last access: 1 May 2022), 2020. a, b, c
Özçakmak, Ö. S., Madsen, H. A., Sørensen, N., Sørensen, J. N., Fischer, A., and Bak, C.: Inflow Turbulence and Leading Edge Roughness
Effects on Laminar-Turbulent Transition on NACA 63-418 Airfoil, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 1037, 022005, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1037/2/022005, 2018. a
Özçakmak, Ö. S., Sørensen, N. N., Madsen, H. A., and
Sørensen, J. N.: Laminar-turbulent transition detection on airfoils by
high-frequency microphone measurements, Wind Energy, 22, 1356–1370, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2361, 2019. a, b, c, d
Özlem, C. Y., Pires, O., Munduate, X., Sørensen, N., Reichstein, T.,
Schaffarczyk, A. P., Diakakis, K., Papadakis, G., Daniele, E., Schwarz, M.,
Lutz, T., and Prieto, R.: Summary of the blind test campaign to predict high
Reynolds number performance of DU00-W-210 airfoil, AIAA 2017-0915, 0915,
https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-0915, 2017. a
Piomelli, U. and Chasnov, J R.: Large-eddy simulations: Theory and
Applications, in: Turbulence and Transition Modeling, edited by: Hallbäck, M., Henningson, D., Johansson, A., and Alfredson, P., Kluwer, 269–331, ISBN 978-90-481-4707-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8666-5_7, 1996. a
Pires, O., Munduate, X., Boorsma, K., Ceyhan, O., Alting, I., Vimalakanthan,
K., Madsen, H., Hansen, P., Özçakmak, O. S., Fischer, A., and
Timmer, W. A.: Experimental Investigation of Surface Roughness Effects and
Transition on Wind Turbine Performance, Tech. rep., IRPWind Integrated Research Programme on Wind Energy, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1037/5/052018, 2018. a
Reed, H. L. and Saric, W.: Stability of three-dimensional boundary layers, J.
Comput. Phys., 21, 235–284, 1989. a
Reichstein, T., Schaffarczyk, A. P., Dollinger, C., Balaresque, N., Schülein, E., Jauch, C., and Fischer, A.: Investigation of laminar-turbulent transition on a rotating wind-turbine blade of multimegawatt class with thermography and microphone array, Energies, 12,
2102, https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112102, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f
Reshotko, E.: Boundary-layer stability and transition, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 8, 311–349, 1976. a
Schaffarczyk, A., Lobo, B., and Madsen, H.: Final report of Task 29 Phase IV
– Task 3.6: Boundary Layer Transition, Tech. rep., Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4817875, 2021. a, b, c
Schaffarczyk, A. P., Schwab, D., and Breuer, M.: Experimental detection of
laminar-turbulent transition on a rotating wind turbine blade in the free
atmosphere, Wind Energy, 20, 211–220, https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2001, 2017. a, b, c, d
Schaffarczyk, A. P., Boisard, R., Boorsma, K., Dose, B., Lienard, C., Lutz, T., Madsen, H. A., Rahimi, H., Reichstein, T., Schepers, G., Sørensen, N.,
Stoevesandt, B., and Weihing, P.: Comparison of 3D transitional CFD simulations for rotating wind turbine wings with measurements, J. Phys.:
Conf. Ser., 1037, 022012, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1037/2/022012, 2018. a
Schmidt, S. and Breuer, M.: Source term based synthetic turbulence inflow
generator for eddy-resolving predictions of an airfoil flow including a laminar separation bubble, Comput. Fluids, 146, 1–22,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2016.12.023, 2017. a, b
Schwab, D., Ingwersen, S., Schaffarczyk, A. P., and Breuer, M.: Aerodynamic
Boundary Layer Investigation on a Wind Turbine Blade under Real Conditions,
in: Wind Energy – Impact of Turbulence, edited by: Hölling, M., Peinke,
J., and Ivanell, S., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 203–208, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54696-9_30, 2014. a
Seitz, A. and Horstmann, K.-H.: In-flight Investigation of Tollmien–Schlichtung Waves, in: IUTAM Symposium on One Hundred Years of Boundary Layer Research, Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium held at DLR-Göttingen, Germany, 12–14 August 2004, Springer, 115–124, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4150-1_11, 2006. a
Smagorinsky, J.: General circulation experiments with the primitive equations, I, The basic experiment, Mon. Weather Rev., 91, 99–165, 1963. a
Solís-Gallego, I., Argüelles Díaz, K. M., Fernández Oro, J. M., and Velarde-Suárez, S.: Wall-resolved LES modeling of a wind
turbine airfoil at different angles of attack, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8, 212, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8030212, 2020. a
Suzen, Y. B. and Huang, P. G.: Modeling of flow transition using an intermittency transport equation, J. Fluids Eng., 122, 273–284, 2000. a
TAU: TAU-Code User Guide, Release 2018.1.0, Tech. rep., Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology, Göttingen, Germany, 2018. a
Vaughan, N. J. and Zaki, T. A.: Stability of zero-pressure-gradient boundary
layer distorted by unsteady Klebanoff streaks, J. Fluid Mech., 681, 116–153, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.177, 2011. a
Zaki, T. A.: From streaks to spots and on to turbulence: Exploring the dynamics of boundary layer transition, Appl. Sci. Res., 91, 451–473,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-013-9502-8, 2013. a
Short summary
Results from the DAN-AERO and aerodynamic glove projects provide significant findings. The effects of inflow turbulence on transition and wind turbine blades are compared to computational fluid dynamic simulations. It is found that the transition scenario changes even over a single revolution. The importance of a suitable choice of amplification factor is evident from the simulations. An agreement between the power spectral density plots from the experiment and large-eddy simulations is seen.
Results from the DAN-AERO and aerodynamic glove projects provide significant findings. The...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint