Wind Energy Science
Wind Energy Science
WES
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21 Feb 2025
Glauert's optimum rotor disk revisited – a calculus of variations solution and exact integrals for thrust and bending moment coefficients
Divya Tyagi and Sven Schmitz
Wind Energ. Sci., 10, 451–460, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-451-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-451-2025, 2025 | 43,877 views
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11 Jul 2023
Grand challenges in the design, manufacture, and operation of future wind turbine systems
Paul Veers, Carlo L. Bottasso, Lance Manuel, Jonathan Naughton, Lucy Pao, Joshua Paquette, Amy Robertson, Michael Robinson, Shreyas Ananthan, Thanasis Barlas, Alessandro Bianchini, Henrik Bredmose, Sergio González Horcas, Jonathan Keller, Helge Aagaard Madsen, James Manwell, Patrick Moriarty, Stephen Nolet, and Jennifer Rinker
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1071–1131, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1071-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1071-2023, 2023 | 20,284 views
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09 Feb 2016
Long-term research challenges in wind energy – a research agenda by the European Academy of Wind Energy
G. A. M. van Kuik, J. Peinke, R. Nijssen, D. Lekou, J. Mann, J. N. Sørensen, C. Ferreira, J. W. van Wingerden, D. Schlipf, P. Gebraad, H. Polinder, A. Abrahamsen, G. J. W. van Bussel, J. D. Sørensen, P. Tavner, C. L. Bottasso, M. Muskulus, D. Matha, H. J. Lindeboom, S. Degraer, O. Kramer, S. Lehnhoff, M. Sonnenschein, P. E. Sørensen, R. W. Künneke, P. E. Morthorst, and K. Skytte
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 1–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-1-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-1-2016, 2016 | 19,869 views
15 Jan 2020
A review of wind turbine main bearings: design, operation, modelling, damage mechanisms and fault detection
Edward Hart, Benjamin Clarke, Gary Nicholas, Abbas Kazemi Amiri, James Stirling, James Carroll, Rob Dwyer-Joyce, Alasdair McDonald, and Hui Long
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 105–124, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-105-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-105-2020, 2020 | 17,727 views
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21 Feb 2022
Wind turbine drivetrains: state-of-the-art technologies and future development trends
Amir R. Nejad, Jonathan Keller, Yi Guo, Shawn Sheng, Henk Polinder, Simon Watson, Jianning Dong, Zian Qin, Amir Ebrahimi, Ralf Schelenz, Francisco Gutiérrez Guzmán, Daniel Cornel, Reza Golafshan, Georg Jacobs, Bart Blockmans, Jelle Bosmans, Bert Pluymers, James Carroll, Sofia Koukoura, Edward Hart, Alasdair McDonald, Anand Natarajan, Jone Torsvik, Farid K. Moghadam, Pieter-Jan Daems, Timothy Verstraeten, Cédric Peeters, and Jan Helsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 387–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-387-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-387-2022, 2022 | 16,752 views
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23 Nov 2020
Changing the rotational direction of a wind turbine under veering inflow: a parameter study
Antonia Englberger, Julie K. Lundquist, and Andreas Dörnbrack
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1623–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1623-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1623-2020, 2020 | 15,574 views
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19 Apr 2022
Floating wind turbines: marine operations challenges and opportunities
Rahul Chitteth Ramachandran, Cian Desmond, Frances Judge, Jorrit-Jan Serraris, and Jimmy Murphy
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 903–924, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-903-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-903-2022, 2022 | 13,825 views
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19 Jan 2022
A reference open-source controller for fixed and floating offshore wind turbines
Nikhar J. Abbas, Daniel S. Zalkind, Lucy Pao, and Alan Wright
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 53–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-53-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-53-2022, 2022 | 12,972 views
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25 Nov 2022
Wind farm flow control: prospects and challenges
Johan Meyers, Carlo Bottasso, Katherine Dykes, Paul Fleming, Pieter Gebraad, Gregor Giebel, Tuhfe Göçmen, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2271–2306, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2271-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2271-2022, 2022 | 12,909 views
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20 Jan 2020
The effect of wind direction shear on turbine performance in a wind farm in central Iowa
Miguel Sanchez Gomez and Julie K. Lundquist
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 125–139, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-125-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-125-2020, 2020 | 10,114 views
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12 Oct 2022
Current status and grand challenges for small wind turbine technology
Alessandro Bianchini, Galih Bangga, Ian Baring-Gould, Alessandro Croce, José Ignacio Cruz, Rick Damiani, Gareth Erfort, Carlos Simao Ferreira, David Infield, Christian Navid Nayeri, George Pechlivanoglou, Mark Runacres, Gerard Schepers, Brent Summerville, David Wood, and Alice Orrell
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2003–2037, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2003-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2003-2022, 2022 | 9,883 views
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20 May 2019
Power curve and wake analyses of the Vestas multi-rotor demonstrator
Maarten Paul van der Laan, Søren Juhl Andersen, Néstor Ramos García, Nikolas Angelou, Georg Raimund Pirrung, Søren Ott, Mikael Sjöholm, Kim Hylling Sørensen, Julio Xavier Vianna Neto, Mark Kelly, Torben Krogh Mikkelsen, and Gunner Christian Larsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 251–271, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-251-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-251-2019, 2019 | 9,763 views
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20 May 2019
Initial results from a field campaign of wake steering applied at a commercial wind farm – Part 1
Paul Fleming, Jennifer King, Katherine Dykes, Eric Simley, Jason Roadman, Andrew Scholbrock, Patrick Murphy, Julie K. Lundquist, Patrick Moriarty, Katherine Fleming, Jeroen van Dam, Christopher Bay, Rafael Mudafort, Hector Lopez, Jason Skopek, Michael Scott, Brady Ryan, Charles Guernsey, and Dan Brake
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 273–285, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-273-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-273-2019, 2019 | 9,759 views
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05 Mar 2021
An overview of wind-energy-production prediction bias, losses, and uncertainties
Joseph C. Y. Lee and M. Jason Fields
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 311–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-311-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-311-2021, 2021 | 9,161 views
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15 Dec 2022
Grand Challenges: wind energy research needs for a global energy transition
Paul Veers, Katherine Dykes, Sukanta Basu, Alessandro Bianchini, Andrew Clifton, Peter Green, Hannele Holttinen, Lena Kitzing, Branko Kosovic, Julie K. Lundquist, Johan Meyers, Mark O'Malley, William J. Shaw, and Bethany Straw
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2491–2496, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022, 2022 | 8,785 views
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28 Nov 2022
Scientific challenges to characterizing the wind resource in the marine atmospheric boundary layer
William J. Shaw, Larry K. Berg, Mithu Debnath, Georgios Deskos, Caroline Draxl, Virendra P. Ghate, Charlotte B. Hasager, Rao Kotamarthi, Jeffrey D. Mirocha, Paytsar Muradyan, William J. Pringle, David D. Turner, and James M. Wilczak
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2307–2334, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2307-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2307-2022, 2022 | 8,586 views
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03 Apr 2019
Multipoint high-fidelity CFD-based aerodynamic shape optimization of a 10 MW wind turbine
Mads H. Aa. Madsen, Frederik Zahle, Niels N. Sørensen, and Joaquim R. R. A. Martins
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 163–192, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-163-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-163-2019, 2019 | 8,506 views
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19 Oct 2018
Extending the life of wind turbine blade leading edges by reducing the tip speed during extreme precipitation events
Jakob Ilsted Bech, Charlotte Bay Hasager, and Christian Bak
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 729–748, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-729-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-729-2018, 2018 | 8,458 views
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08 May 2017
Field test of wake steering at an offshore wind farm
Paul Fleming, Jennifer Annoni, Jigar J. Shah, Linpeng Wang, Shreyas Ananthan, Zhijun Zhang, Kyle Hutchings, Peng Wang, Weiguo Chen, and Lin Chen
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-229-2017,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-229-2017, 2017 | 8,423 views
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31 Jan 2019
Comparison between upwind and downwind designs of a 10 MW wind turbine rotor
Pietro Bortolotti, Abhinav Kapila, and Carlo L. Bottasso
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 115–125, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-115-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-115-2019, 2019 | 8,377 views
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07 Jun 2023
Grand challenges in the digitalisation of wind energy
Andrew Clifton, Sarah Barber, Andrew Bray, Peter Enevoldsen, Jason Fields, Anna Maria Sempreviva, Lindy Williams, Julian Quick, Mike Purdue, Philip Totaro, and Yu Ding
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 947–974, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-947-2023,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-947-2023, 2023 | 8,234 views
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02 Jan 2020
Implementation of the blade element momentum model on a polar grid and its aeroelastic load impact
Helge Aagaard Madsen, Torben Juul Larsen, Georg Raimund Pirrung, Ang Li, and Frederik Zahle
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1-2020, 2020 | 8,191 views
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05 Nov 2018
Assessing variability of wind speed: comparison and validation of 27 methodologies
Joseph C. Y. Lee, M. Jason Fields, and Julie K. Lundquist
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 845–868, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-845-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-845-2018, 2018 | 7,928 views
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01 Nov 2018
Analysis of control-oriented wake modeling tools using lidar field results
Jennifer Annoni, Paul Fleming, Andrew Scholbrock, Jason Roadman, Scott Dana, Christiane Adcock, Fernando Porte-Agel, Steffen Raach, Florian Haizmann, and David Schlipf
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 819–831, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-819-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-819-2018, 2018 | 7,910 views
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08 Jan 2019
Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement
Johannes Oehler and Roland Schmehl
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-1-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-1-2019, 2019 | 7,702 views
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16 Oct 2018
An efficient frequency-domain model for quick load analysis of floating offshore wind turbines
Antonio Pegalajar-Jurado, Michael Borg, and Henrik Bredmose
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 693–712, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-693-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-693-2018, 2018 | 7,682 views
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24 Sep 2018
Interannual variability of wind climates and wind turbine annual energy production
Sara C. Pryor, Tristan J. Shepherd, and Rebecca J. Barthelmie
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 651–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-651-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-651-2018, 2018 | 7,557 views
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05 Feb 2020
The Power Curve Working Group's assessment of wind turbine power performance prediction methods
Joseph C. Y. Lee, Peter Stuart, Andrew Clifton, M. Jason Fields, Jordan Perr-Sauer, Lindy Williams, Lee Cameron, Taylor Geer, and Paul Housley
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 199–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-199-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-199-2020, 2020 | 7,481 views
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06 Mar 2018
A control-oriented dynamic wind farm model: WFSim
Sjoerd Boersma, Bart Doekemeijer, Mehdi Vali, Johan Meyers, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 75–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-75-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-75-2018, 2018 | 7,447 views
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03 Jan 2020
Cluster wakes impact on a far-distant offshore wind farm's power
Jörge Schneemann, Andreas Rott, Martin Dörenkämper, Gerald Steinfeld, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 29–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-29-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-29-2020, 2020 | 7,434 views
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24 Jul 2020
Continued results from a field campaign of wake steering applied at a commercial wind farm – Part 2
Paul Fleming, Jennifer King, Eric Simley, Jason Roadman, Andrew Scholbrock, Patrick Murphy, Julie K. Lundquist, Patrick Moriarty, Katherine Fleming, Jeroen van Dam, Christopher Bay, Rafael Mudafort, David Jager, Jason Skopek, Michael Scott, Brady Ryan, Charles Guernsey, and Dan Brake
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 945–958, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-945-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-945-2020, 2020 | 7,361 views
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14 Mar 2019
An active power control approach for wake-induced load alleviation in a fully developed wind farm boundary layer
Mehdi Vali, Vlaho Petrović, Gerald Steinfeld, Lucy Y. Pao, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 139–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-139-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-139-2019, 2019 | 7,357 views
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16 Dec 2019
Massive simplification of the wind farm layout optimization problem
Andrew P. J. Stanley and Andrew Ning
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 663–676, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-663-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-663-2019, 2019 | 7,316 views
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22 Jan 2019
A comparison study on jacket substructures for offshore wind turbines based on optimization
Jan Häfele, Cristian G. Gebhardt, and Raimund Rolfes
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 23–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-23-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-23-2019, 2019 | 7,026 views
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13 Sep 2016
Estimating the wake deflection downstream of a wind turbine in different atmospheric stabilities: an LES study
Lukas Vollmer, Gerald Steinfeld, Detlev Heinemann, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 129–141, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-129-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-129-2016, 2016 | 6,976 views
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05 Mar 2019
The aerodynamics of the curled wake: a simplified model in view of flow control
Luis A. Martínez-Tossas, Jennifer Annoni, Paul A. Fleming, and Matthew J. Churchfield
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-127-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-127-2019, 2019 | 6,948 views
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12 Nov 2018
Robust active wake control in consideration of wind direction variability and uncertainty
Andreas Rott, Bart Doekemeijer, Janna Kristina Seifert, Jan-Willem van Wingerden, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 869–882, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-869-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-869-2018, 2018 | 6,886 views
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29 Jan 2019
Wake behavior and control: comparison of LES simulations and wind tunnel measurements
Jiangang Wang, Chengyu Wang, Filippo Campagnolo, and Carlo L. Bottasso
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-71-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-71-2019, 2019 | 6,670 views
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03 Apr 2019
Low-level jets over the North Sea based on ERA5 and observations: together they do better
Peter C. Kalverla, James B. Duncan Jr., Gert-Jan Steeneveld, and Albert A. M. Holtslag
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 193–209, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-193-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-193-2019, 2019 | 6,651 views
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24 Oct 2018
From wind to loads: wind turbine site-specific load estimation with surrogate models trained on high-fidelity load databases
Nikolay Dimitrov, Mark C. Kelly, Andrea Vignaroli, and Jacob Berg
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 767–790, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-767-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-767-2018, 2018 | 6,561 views
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22 May 2019
Local turbulence parameterization improves the Jensen wake model and its implementation for power optimization of an operating wind farm
Thomas Duc, Olivier Coupiac, Nicolas Girard, Gregor Giebel, and Tuhfe Göçmen
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 287–302, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-287-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-287-2019, 2019 | 6,493 views
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01 Jun 2018
Wind tunnel experiments on wind turbine wakes in yaw: effects of inflow turbulence and shear
Jan Bartl, Franz Mühle, Jannik Schottler, Lars Sætran, Joachim Peinke, Muyiwa Adaramola, and Michael Hölling
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 329–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-329-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-329-2018, 2018 | 6,436 views
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23 Jun 2020
Two-dimensional numerical simulations of vortex-induced vibrations for a cylinder in conditions representative of wind turbine towers
Axelle Viré, Adriaan Derksen, Mikko Folkersma, and Kumayl Sarwar
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 793–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-793-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-793-2020, 2020 | 6,419 views
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21 Dec 2018
Comparison of planetary bearing load-sharing characteristics in wind turbine gearboxes
Jonathan Keller, Yi Guo, Zhiwei Zhang, and Doug Lucas
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 947–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-947-2018,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-947-2018, 2018 | 6,411 views
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12 Oct 2020
Grid-forming control strategies for black start by offshore wind power plants
Anubhav Jain, Jayachandra N. Sakamuri, and Nicolaos A. Cutululis
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1297–1313, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1297-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1297-2020, 2020 | 6,387 views
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24 Aug 2020
Clustering wind profile shapes to estimate airborne wind energy production
Mark Schelbergen, Peter C. Kalverla, Roland Schmehl, and Simon J. Watson
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1097–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1097-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1097-2020, 2020 | 6,374 views
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08 Jun 2021
Response of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind 15 MW WindCrete and Activefloat floating wind turbines to wind and second-order waves
Mohammad Youssef Mahfouz, Climent Molins, Pau Trubat, Sergio Hernández, Fernando Vigara, Antonio Pegalajar-Jurado, Henrik Bredmose, and Mohammad Salari
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 867–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-867-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-867-2021, 2021 | 6,370 views
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30 Jan 2019
Coupled wind turbine design and layout optimization with nonhomogeneous wind turbines
Andrew P. J. Stanley and Andrew Ning
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 99–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-99-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-99-2019, 2019 | 6,359 views
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08 May 2019
Polynomial chaos to efficiently compute the annual energy production in wind farm layout optimization
Andrés Santiago Padrón, Jared Thomas, Andrew P. J. Stanley, Juan J. Alonso, and Andrew Ning
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 211–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-211-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-211-2019, 2019 | 6,345 views
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