Articles | Volume 6, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-427-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-427-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Method for airborne measurement of the spatial wind speed distribution above complex terrain
Christian Ingenhorst
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Machine Elements and Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
IME Aachen GmbH Institut für Maschinenelemente und Maschinengestaltung, 52074 Aachen, Germany
Georg Jacobs
Institute for Machine Elements and Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
Laura Stößel
Center for Wind Power Drives, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
Ralf Schelenz
Center for Wind Power Drives, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
Björn Juretzki
IME Aachen GmbH Institut für Maschinenelemente und Maschinengestaltung, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Kayacan Kestel, Xavier Chesterman, Donatella Zappalá, Simon Watson, Mingxin Li, Edward Hart, James Carroll, Yolanda Vidal, Amir R. Nejad, Shawn Sheng, Yi Guo, Matthias Stammler, Florian Wirsing, Ahmed Saleh, Nico Gregarek, Thao Baszenski, Thomas Decker, Martin Knops, Georg Jacobs, Benjamin Lehmann, Florian König, Ines Pereira, Pieter-Jan Daems, Cédric Peeters, and Jan Helsen
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-168, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-168, 2025
Preprint under review for WES
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Wind energy use has been rapidly expanding worldwide in recent years. Driven by global decarbonization goals and energy security concerns, this growth is expected to continue. To achieve these targets, production costs must decrease, with operation and maintenance being major contributors. This paper reviews current and emerging technologies for monitoring wind turbine drivetrains and highlights key academic and industrial challenges that may hinder progress.
Christian Hollas, Georg Jacobs, Vitali Züch, Julian Röder, Moritz Gouverneur, Niklas Reinisch, David Bailly, and Alexander Gramlich
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-94, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2025-94, 2025
Preprint under review for WES
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Hollow forging and air hardening ductile steel enable higher power densities for wind turbine main bearings units. For a 2.3 MW base load-optimised wind turbine, a 37 % increase in rotor shaft power density was achieved compared to a casted shaft. By using green, air hardening steel, hollow forging achieves a comparable global warming potential to casting. The economic viability of hollow forging is not given for the current surcharges found in small series production.
Thorsten Reichartz, Georg Jacobs, Tom Rathmes, Lucas Blickwedel, and Ralf Schelenz
Wind Energ. Sci., 9, 281–295, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-281-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-281-2024, 2024
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The production of green hydrogen from wind power is a promising approach to store energy from renewable energy sources. This work proposes a method to optimize the design of wind–hydrogen systems for onshore wind farms in order to achieve the lowest hydrogen cost. Therefore, the electrolyzer position and the optimal hydrogen transport mode are calculated specifically for a wind farm site. This results in a reduction of up to 10 % of the hydrogen production cost.
Amin Loriemi, Georg Jacobs, Vitali Züch, Timm Jakobs, and Dennis Bosse
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-75, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-75, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
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In the last decades, the size of wind turbines has continuously increased. The increasing rotor diameter results in higher loads acting on the main bearings of wind turbines. In this study, it is discussed how these loads can be estimated using accessible sensor signals and regression models. Therefore, measurement data has been acquired on a full-scale wind turbine test bench. It is shown that linear regression using displacement signals provides good accuracy in estimating main bearing loads.
Amir R. Nejad, Jonathan Keller, Yi Guo, Shawn Sheng, Henk Polinder, Simon Watson, Jianning Dong, Zian Qin, Amir Ebrahimi, Ralf Schelenz, Francisco Gutiérrez Guzmán, Daniel Cornel, Reza Golafshan, Georg Jacobs, Bart Blockmans, Jelle Bosmans, Bert Pluymers, James Carroll, Sofia Koukoura, Edward Hart, Alasdair McDonald, Anand Natarajan, Jone Torsvik, Farid K. Moghadam, Pieter-Jan Daems, Timothy Verstraeten, Cédric Peeters, and Jan Helsen
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 387–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-387-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-387-2022, 2022
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This paper presents the state-of-the-art technologies and development trends of wind turbine drivetrains – the energy conversion systems transferring the kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy – in different stages of their life cycle: design, manufacturing, installation, operation, lifetime extension, decommissioning and recycling. The main aim of this article is to review the drivetrain technology development as well as to identify future challenges and research gaps.
Freia Harzendorf, Ralf Schelenz, and Georg Jacobs
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 571–584, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-571-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-571-2021, 2021
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Making wind turbines more reliable over their lifetime is an important goal for improving wind turbine technology. The wind turbine drivetrain has a major influence on turbine reliability. This paper presents an approach that will help to identify holistically better drivetrain concepts in an early product design phase from an operational perspective as it is able to estimate and assess drivetrain-concept-specific inherent risks in the operational phase.
Daniel Cornel, Francisco Gutiérrez Guzmán, Georg Jacobs, and Stephan Neumann
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 367–376, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-367-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-367-2021, 2021
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Roller bearing failures in wind turbines' gearboxes lead to long downtimes and high repair costs. This paper should form a basis for the implementation of a predictive maintenance system. Therefore an acoustic-emission-based condition monitoring system is applied to roller bearing test rigs. The system has shown that a damaged surface can be detected at least ~ 4 % (8 h, regarding the time to failure) and possibly up to ~ 50 % (130 h) earlier than by using the vibration-based system.
Lucas Blickwedel, Freia Harzendorf, Ralf Schelenz, and Georg Jacobs
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 177–190, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-177-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-177-2021, 2021
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Revenues from the operation of wind turbines in Germany will be insecure in the future due to the expiration of federal support. Alternative ways of selling electricity are usually based on exchange prices. Therefore, the long-term revenue potential of wind turbines is assessed based on levelized revenue of energy (LROE), using a new forecasting model and open-source data. Results show how different expansion scenarios and emission prices may affect profitability of future plants.
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Short summary
Wind farm sites in complex terrain are subject to local wind phenomena, which are difficult to quantify but have a huge impact on a wind turbine's annual energy production. Therefore, a wind sensor was applied on an unmanned aerial vehicle and validated against stationary wind sensors with good agreement. A measurement over complex terrain showed local deviations from the mean wind speed of approx. ± 30 %, indicating the importance of an extensive site evaluation to reduce investment risk.
Wind farm sites in complex terrain are subject to local wind phenomena, which are difficult to...
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