Articles | Volume 7, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2003-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2003-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Oct 2022
Research article |
| 12 Oct 2022
Current status and grand challenges for small wind turbine technology
Alessandro Bianchini
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di
Firenze, 50139 Florence, Italy
Small Wind Turbine Technical Committee, European Academy of Wind
Energy (EAWE), Oldenburg, Germany
Galih Bangga
Institute of Aerodynamics and Gas Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Small Wind Turbine Technical Committee, European Academy of Wind
Energy (EAWE), Oldenburg, Germany
Ian Baring-Gould
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
Alessandro Croce
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Politecnico di
Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy
Small Wind Turbine Technical Committee, European Academy of Wind
Energy (EAWE), Oldenburg, Germany
José Ignacio Cruz
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y
Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
Rick Damiani
RRD Engineering, LLC, Arvada, Colorado 80007, USA
Gareth Erfort
Department of Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, Stellenbosch
University, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
Small Wind Turbine Technical Committee, European Academy of Wind
Energy (EAWE), Oldenburg, Germany
Carlos Simao Ferreira
Delft University of Technology, Wind Energy, 2629HS Delft, the
Netherlands
Small Wind Turbine Technical Committee, European Academy of Wind
Energy (EAWE), Oldenburg, Germany
David Infield
Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, G11XW Glasgow, Scotland
Christian Navid Nayeri
Hermann-Föttinger-Institut, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
Small Wind Turbine Technical Committee, European Academy of Wind
Energy (EAWE), Oldenburg, Germany
George Pechlivanoglou
Eunice Energy Group, 15125 Athens, Greece
Mark Runacres
Faculty of Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Small Wind Turbine Technical Committee, European Academy of Wind
Energy (EAWE), Oldenburg, Germany
Gerard Schepers
TNO Energy Transition, 1755LE Petten, the Netherlands
Institute of Engineering, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, 9747AS Groningen, the Netherlands
Brent Summerville
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
David Wood
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University
of Calgary, T2N1N4 Calgary, Canada
Alice Orrell
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Frederik Berger, Lars Neuhaus, David Onnen, Michael Hölling, Gerard Schepers, and Martin Kühn
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Narges Golmirzaee and David H. Wood
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-76, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-76, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
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Benjamin Anderson and Edward Baring-Gould
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Daan van der Hoek, Joeri Frederik, Ming Huang, Fulvio Scarano, Carlos Simao Ferreira, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
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Jörg Alber, Marinos Manolesos, Guido Weinzierl-Dlugosch, Johannes Fischer, Alexander Schönmeier, Christian Navid Nayeri, Christian Oliver Paschereit, Joachim Twele, Jens Fortmann, Pier Francesco Melani, and Alessandro Bianchini
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 943–965, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-943-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-943-2022, 2022
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Paul Veers, Carlo Bottasso, Lance Manuel, Jonathan Naughton, Lucy Pao, Joshua Paquette, Amy Robertson, Michael Robinson, Shreyas Ananthan, Athanasios Barlas, Alessandro Bianchini, Henrik Bredmose, Sergio González Horcas, Jonathan Keller, Helge Aagaard Madsen, James Manwell, Patrick Moriarty, Stephen Nolet, and Jennifer Rinker
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-32, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-32, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
Short summary
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Benjamin Sanderse, Vinit V. Dighe, Koen Boorsma, and Gerard Schepers
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 759–781, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-759-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-759-2022, 2022
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Lindsay M. Sheridan, Caleb Phillips, Alice C. Orrell, Larry K. Berg, Heidi Tinnesand, Raj K. Rai, Sagi Zisman, Dmitry Duplyakin, and Julia E. Flaherty
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Rodrigo Soto-Valle, Stefano Cioni, Sirko Bartholomay, Marinos Manolesos, Christian Navid Nayeri, Alessandro Bianchini, and Christian Oliver Paschereit
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 585–602, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-585-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-585-2022, 2022
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Carlos Ferreira, Wei Yu, Arianna Sala, and Axelle Viré
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 469–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-469-2022, 2022
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Floating offshore wind turbines may experience large surge motions that, when faster than the local wind speed, cause rotor–wake interaction.
We derive a model which is able to predict the wind speed at the wind turbine, even for large and fast motions and load variations in the wind turbine.
The proposed dynamic inflow model includes an adaptation for highly loaded flow, and it is accurate and simple enough to be easily implemented in most blade element momentum design models.
Emmanuel Branlard, Ian Brownstein, Benjamin Strom, Jason Jonkman, Scott Dana, and Edward Ian Baring-Gould
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 455–467, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-455-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-455-2022, 2022
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In this work, we present an aerodynamic tool that can model an arbitrary collections of wings, blades, rotors, and towers. With these functionalities, the tool can be used to study and design advanced wind energy concepts, such as horizontal-axis wind turbines, vertical-axis wind turbines, kites, or multi-rotors. This article describes the key features of the tool and presents multiple applications. Field measurements of horizontal- and vertical-axis wind turbines are used for comparison.
Alessandro Croce, Stefano Cacciola, and Luca Sartori
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1-2022, 2022
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In this work we have analyzed the effects of these recent technologies on a single wind turbine, with the aim of understanding the impact of these controllers on the design of the machine itself.
The analyses have shown there are non-negligible effects on some components of the wind turbine.
David H. Wood and Eric J. Limacher
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 1413–1425, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1413-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1413-2021, 2021
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The airflow through a wind turbine must expand as it goes through the blades for them to extract energy from the wind. Expansion has not been properly incorporated in wind turbine aerodynamics. We show that the conventional equation for wind turbine thrust becomes inaccurate when the expansion is maximized to achieve maximum power, and expansion reduces power by around 6 %. We formulate equations for the disturbance of the external flow and show that this is maximized at the rotor plane.
Frederik Berger, David Onnen, Gerard Schepers, and Martin Kühn
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 1341–1361, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1341-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1341-2021, 2021
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Dynamic inflow denotes the unsteady aerodynamic response to fast changes in rotor loading and leads to load overshoots. We performed a pitch step experiment with MoWiTO 1.8 in the large wind tunnel of ForWind – University of Oldenburg. We measured axial and tangential inductions with a recent method with a 2D-LDA system and performed load and wake measurements. These radius-resolved measurements allow for new insights into the dynamic inflow phenomenon.
Gerard Schepers, Pim van Dorp, Remco Verzijlbergh, Peter Baas, and Harmen Jonker
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 983–996, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-983-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-983-2021, 2021
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In this article the aeroelastic loads on a 10 MW turbine in response to unconventional wind conditions selected from a year-long large-eddy simulation on a site at the North Sea are evaluated. Thereto an assessment is made of the practical importance of these wind conditions within an aeroelastic context based on high-fidelity wind modelling. Moreover the accuracy of BEM-based methods for modelling such wind conditions is assessed.
Sirko Bartholomay, Tom T. B. Wester, Sebastian Perez-Becker, Simon Konze, Christian Menzel, Michael Hölling, Axel Spickenheuer, Joachim Peinke, Christian N. Nayeri, Christian Oliver Paschereit, and Kilian Oberleithner
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 221–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-221-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-221-2021, 2021
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This paper presents two methods on how to estimate the lift force that is created by a wing. These methods were experimentally assessed in a wind tunnel. Furthermore, an active trailing-edge flap, as seen on airplanes for example, is used to alleviate fluctuating loads that are created within the employed wind tunnel. Thereby, an active flow control device that can potentially serve on wind turbines to lower fatigue or lower the material used for the blades is examined.
Eric J. Limacher and David H. Wood
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 191–201, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-191-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-191-2021, 2021
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This paper describes a new analysis of wind turbine thrust based on removing pressure from the equations for the wind flow through a wind turbine rotor. We show that the equation is free from the effects of flow expansion that must accompany the slowing down of the wind through the blades as they extract the kinetic energy. The conditions under which the assumptions are used in blade-element analysis, which is fundamental for wind turbine aerodynamics, are made clear for the first time.
Giorgia Guma, Galih Bangga, Thorsten Lutz, and Ewald Krämer
Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 93–110, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-93-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-93-2021, 2021
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With the increase in installed wind capacity, the rotor diameter of wind turbines is becoming larger and larger, and therefore it is necessary to take aeroelasticity into consideration. At the same time, wind turbines are in reality subjected to atmospheric inflow leading to high wind instabilities and fluctuations. Within this work, a high-fidelity chain is used to analyze the effects of both by the use of models of the same turbine with increasing complexity and technical details.
Rodrigo Soto-Valle, Sirko Bartholomay, Jörg Alber, Marinos Manolesos, Christian Navid Nayeri, and Christian Oliver Paschereit
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1771–1792, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1771-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1771-2020, 2020
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In this paper, a method to determine the angle of attack on a wind turbine rotor blade using a chordwise pressure distribution measurement was applied. The approach used a reduced number of pressure tap data located close to the blade leading edge. The results were compared with the measurements from three external probes mounted on the blade at different radial positions and with analytical calculations.
Jörg Alber, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, Marinos Manolesos, Sirko Bartholomay, Christian Navid Nayeri, Marvin Schönlau, Christian Menzel, Christian Oliver Paschereit, Joachim Twele, and Jens Fortmann
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1645–1662, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1645-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1645-2020, 2020
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The aerodynamic impact of Gurney flaps is investigated on the rotor blades of the Berlin Research Turbine. The findings of this research project contribute to performance improvements of different-size rotor blades. Gurney flaps are considered a worthwhile passive flow-control device in order to alleviate the adverse effects of both early separation in the inner blade region and leading-edge erosion throughout large parts of the blade span.
Galih Bangga, Thorsten Lutz, and Matthias Arnold
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1037–1058, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1037-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1037-2020, 2020
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Robust and accurate dynamic stall modeling remains one of the most difficult tasks in wind turbine load calculations despite its long research effort in the past. The present paper describes a new
second-order dynamic stall model for wind turbine airfoils. The new model is robust and improves the prediction for the aerodynamic forces and their higher-harmonic effects due to vortex shedding but also provides improved predictions for pitching moment and drag.
Sebastian Perez-Becker, Francesco Papi, Joseph Saverin, David Marten, Alessandro Bianchini, and Christian Oliver Paschereit
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 721–743, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-721-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-721-2020, 2020
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Aeroelastic design load calculations play a key role in determining the design loads of the different wind turbine components. This study compares load estimations from calculations using a Blade Element Momentum aerodynamic model with estimations from calculations using a higher-order Lifting-Line Free Vortex Wake aerodynamic model. The paper finds and explains the differences in fatigue and extreme turbine loads for power production simulations that cover a wide range of turbulent wind speeds.
Niels Adema, Menno Kloosterman, and Gerard Schepers
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 577–590, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-577-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-577-2020, 2020
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It is crucial to model dynamic stall accurately to reduce inaccuracies in predicting fatigue and extreme loads. This paper investigates a new dynamic stall model. Improvements are proposed based on experiments. The updated model shows significant improvements over the initial model; however, further validation and research are still required. This updated model might be incorporated into future wind turbine design codes and will hopefully reduce inaccuracies in predicted wind turbine loads.
Joeri Alexis Frederik, Robin Weber, Stefano Cacciola, Filippo Campagnolo, Alessandro Croce, Carlo Bottasso, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 245–257, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-245-2020, 2020
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The interaction between wind turbines in a wind farm through their wakes is a widely studied research area. Until recently, research was focused on finding constant turbine inputs that optimize the performance of the wind farm. However, recent studies have shown that time-varying, dynamic inputs might be more beneficial. In this paper, the validity of this approach is further investigated by implementing it in scaled wind tunnel experiments and assessing load effects, showing promising results.
Krzysztof Rogowski, Martin Otto Laver Hansen, and Galih Bangga
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2019-98, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2019-98, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
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I believe that this article contains many valuable tips for engineers that can be useful when constructing medium size vertical-axis wind turbines. Currently, there is still a lack of research on large and medium rotors.
Annette Claudia Klein, Sirko Bartholomay, David Marten, Thorsten Lutz, George Pechlivanoglou, Christian Navid Nayeri, Christian Oliver Paschereit, and Ewald Krämer
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 439–460, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-439-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-439-2018, 2018
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The paper describes the experimental and numerical investigation of a model wind turbine with a diameter of 3.0 m in a narrow wind tunnel. The objectives of the study are the provision of validation data, the comparison and evaluation of methods of different fidelity, and the assessment of the influence of wind tunnel walls. It turned out that the accordance between the experimental and numerical results is good, but the wind tunnel walls have to be taken into account for the present setup.
David H. Wood
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 345–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-345-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-345-2018, 2018
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The vortices in the wakes of wind turbines are often approximated by short, straight vortex segments, which cannot reproduce the curvature singularity in the induced velocity. They can also have a second error due to the periodicity: the vortices return to close proximity of the point at which the velocity is calculated. The second error is assessed by representing the far wake of a turbine as a row of vortex rings. The error is quantified and a simple correction is developed.
Matthew Lennie, David Marten, George Pechlivanoglou, Christian Navid Nayeri, and Christian Oliver Paschereit
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 671–683, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-671-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-671-2017, 2017
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Floating platform wind turbines present a challenge for engineers to simulate. This paper explores some better methods for simulating the aerodynamics of wind turbines as they move about on a floating platform. We also derived a new way of investigating whether the aerodynamics of the wind turbine rotor help it stay stable.
Eva Jost, Annette Fischer, Galih Bangga, Thorsten Lutz, and Ewald Krämer
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 241–256, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-241-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-241-2017, 2017
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Trailing edge flaps applied to the outer part of a wind turbine rotor blade are a very promising concept to reduce fatigue loads as they are able to increase or decrease the airfoil lift for a given angle of attack. They have been widely researched on 2-D airfoils, but only little is known about their aerodynamic characteristics on 3-D wind turbine rotor blades. The present article addresses this issue.
Carlo L. Bottasso, Alessandro Croce, Federico Gualdoni, Pierluigi Montinari, and Carlo E. D. Riboldi
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 297–310, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-297-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-297-2016, 2016
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The paper discusses different concepts for reducing loads on wind turbines using movable blade tips. Passive and semi-passive tip solutions move freely in response to air load fluctuations, while in the active case an actuator drives the tip motion in response to load measurements. The various solutions are compared with a standard blade and with each other in terms of their ability to reduce both fatigue and extreme loads.
Pietro Bortolotti, Carlo L. Bottasso, and Alessandro Croce
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-71-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-71-2016, 2016
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The paper presents a new method to conduct the holistic optimization of a wind turbine. The proposed approach allows one to define the rotor radius and tower height, while simultaneously performing the detailed sizing of rotor and tower. For the rotor, the procedures perform simultaneously the design both from the aerodynamic and structural points of view. The overall optimization seeks a minimum for the cost of energy, while accounting for a wide range of user-defined design constraints.
G. A. M. van Kuik, J. Peinke, R. Nijssen, D. Lekou, J. Mann, J. N. Sørensen, C. Ferreira, J. W. van Wingerden, D. Schlipf, P. Gebraad, H. Polinder, A. Abrahamsen, G. J. W. van Bussel, J. D. Sørensen, P. Tavner, C. L. Bottasso, M. Muskulus, D. Matha, H. J. Lindeboom, S. Degraer, O. Kramer, S. Lehnhoff, M. Sonnenschein, P. E. Sørensen, R. W. Künneke, P. E. Morthorst, and K. Skytte
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 1–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-1-2016, 2016
Related subject area
Thematic area: Wind technologies | Topic: Design concepts and methods for plants, turbines, and components
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of actual eroded wind turbine blades
Grand Challenges: wind energy research needs for a global energy transition
A Data-Driven Reduced Order Model for Rotor Optimization
CFD-based curved tip shape design for wind turbine blades
Impacts of wind field characteristics and non-steady deterministic wind events on time-varying main-bearing loads
Grand Challenges in the Design, Manufacture, and Operation of Future Wind Turbine Systems
Kisorthman Vimalakanthan, Harald van der Mijle Meijer, Iana Bakhmet, and Gerard Schepers
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 41–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-41-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-41-2023, 2023
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Leading edge erosion (LEE) is one of the most critical degradation mechanisms that occur with wind turbine blades. A detailed understanding of the LEE process and the impact on aerodynamic performance due to the damaged leading edge is required to optimize blade maintenance. Providing accurate modeling tools is therefore essential. This novel study assesses CFD approaches for modeling high-resolution scanned LE surfaces from an actual blade with LEE damages.
Paul Veers, Katherine Dykes, Sukanta Basu, Alessandro Bianchini, Andrew Clifton, Peter Green, Hannele Holttinen, Lena Kitzing, Branko Kosovic, Julie K. Lundquist, Johan Meyers, Mark O'Malley, William J. Shaw, and Bethany Straw
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 2491–2496, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2491-2022, 2022
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Wind energy will play a central role in the transition of our energy system to a carbon-free future. However, many underlying scientific issues remain to be resolved before wind can be deployed in the locations and applications needed for such large-scale ambitions. The Grand Challenges are the gaps in the science left behind during the rapid growth of wind energy. This article explains the breadth of the unfinished business and introduces 10 articles that detail the research needs.
Nicholas Peters, Christopher Silva, and John Ekaterinaris
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-95, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-95, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
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Wind turbines have increasingly been leveraged as a viable approach for obtaining renewable energy. As such, it is essential that engineers have a high-fidelity low-cost approach to model rotor load distributions. In this study, such an approach is proposed. This modeling approach was shown to make high-fidelity predictions at a low computational cost for rotor-distributed pressure loads as rotor geometry varied allowing for an optimization of the rotor to be completed.
Mads H. Aa. Madsen, Frederik Zahle, Sergio González Horcas, Thanasis K. Barlas, and Niels N. Sørensen
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1471–1501, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1471-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1471-2022, 2022
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This work presents a shape optimization framework based on computational fluid dynamics. The design framework is used to optimize wind turbine blade tips for maximum power increase while avoiding that extra loading is incurred. The final results are shown to align well with related literature. The resulting tip shape could be mounted on already installed wind turbines as a sleeve-like solution or be conceived as part of a modular blade with tips designed for site-specific conditions.
Edward Hart, Adam Stock, George Elderfield, Robin Elliott, James Brasseur, Jonathan Keller, Yi Guo, and Wooyong Song
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 1209–1226, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1209-2022, 2022
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We consider characteristics and drivers of loads experienced by wind turbine main bearings using simplified models of hub and main-bearing configurations. Influences of deterministic wind characteristics are investigated for 5, 7.5, and 10 MW turbine models. Load response to gusts and wind direction changes are also considered. Cubic load scaling is observed, veer is identified as an important driver of load fluctuations, and strong links between control and main-bearing load response are shown.
Paul Veers, Carlo Bottasso, Lance Manuel, Jonathan Naughton, Lucy Pao, Joshua Paquette, Amy Robertson, Michael Robinson, Shreyas Ananthan, Athanasios Barlas, Alessandro Bianchini, Henrik Bredmose, Sergio González Horcas, Jonathan Keller, Helge Aagaard Madsen, James Manwell, Patrick Moriarty, Stephen Nolet, and Jennifer Rinker
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-32, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2022-32, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for WES
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Critical unknowns in the design, manufacturing, and operability of future turbine and plant systems are articulated and recommendations for research action are laid out.
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Short summary
The paper is part of the Grand Challenges Papers for Wind Energy. It provides a status of small wind turbine technology in terms of technical maturity, diffusion, and cost. Then, five grand challenges that are thought to be key to fostering the development of the technology are proposed. To tackle these challenges, a series of unknowns and gaps are first identified and discussed. Improvement areas are highlighted, within which 10 key enabling actions are finally proposed to the wind community.
The paper is part of the Grand Challenges Papers for Wind Energy. It provides a status of small...
